# A Unitary evolution while rapid change of potential?

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1. Jun 28, 2016

### jarekduda

Imagine potential well which in t=0 switches to a different potential well (instantly), like in the picture below.
So in negative times the wavefunction density should tend to be localized in the first well, in positive times to be localized in the second well.

https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/12405967/ehr.jpg [Broken]

The question is what is density evolution of transition between these two wells?
Shouldn't unitary evolution be time-symmetric, so that the density prepares to the switch before it actually happens?

Last edited by a moderator: May 8, 2017
2. Jun 28, 2016

### vanhees71

Why should it be time symmetric? The formal solution of the time-evolution equation (here for the time evolution operator for the Schrödinger picture)
$$\hat{U}(t)=T_c \exp \left [-\mathrm{i} \int_0^t \mathrm{d} t' \hat{H}(t') \right],$$
which is not time-symmetric at all ($T_c$ is the time-ordering operator, which orders operator products at different times such that they are ordered from right to left in terms of time arguments).

3. Jun 28, 2016

### jarekduda

So try to perform the propagator you have written from -infinity to 0 (forward) and from +infinity to 0 (backward), you will get different answers.
Think about Feynman path integrals, it is time-symmetric.

The simulation from the picture above comes from (normalized) euclidean path integrals: (diffusion) assuming Boltzmann distribution among paths (fig. 5.1 here), which is time-symmetric diffusion (so called Bernstein process).
What is funny about it is that Ehrenfest equations lead to 2nd Newton law with opposite sign here: to prepare for the switch, the packet needs to first accelerate uphill, then decelerate downhill.

4. Jun 28, 2016

### vanhees71

quantum theory is, however, by construction not acausal. So your claim cannot be right.

5. Jun 28, 2016

### jarekduda

Could you elaborate on that?

Causality in quantum mechanics is a very complex topic, for example in Wheeler's delayed choice experiment or delayed choice quantum eraser.
And physicists generally believe that physics (QFT) is CPT symmetric (CPT theorem) - again suggesting some time symmetry of the discussed evolution ...

6. Jun 28, 2016

### Jilang

Hmm, the wavefunction may evolve as per Vanhees71 equation, but what about the conjugate? Don't we require both?

7. Jun 29, 2016

### jarekduda

Indeed, at least from the point of view of euclidean path integrals,
rho(t,x) = < phi(t,x) | psi(t,x) >
where phi is a result of propagator from -infinity to t forward, psi from +infinity to t backward.
Usually phi=psi, unless for example a rapid change of potential like above.

Another example of phi != psi is conductance on a torus by assuming a gradient of potential: trajectories prefer circulation in a fixed direction (https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/12405967/conductance.nb [Broken]).

Last edited by a moderator: May 8, 2017
8. Jun 29, 2016

### vanhees71

The delayed-choice experiments in no way invalidate the strict causality of QT, but that's another rather metaphysical topic, which I thus don't like to comment.