The chart in Post #1 is an attempt to simplify the Moody Diagram and make it easier to use. The Moody diagram is the basic source for calculating pressure loss in pipes.
The formula for pipe friction loss is included in the Moody diagram (or Moody chart). Search those terms for more information. The Moody diagram provides a friction factor as a function of pipe roughness and Reynolds Number. A typical Moody chart is shown below:
To learn more about laminar vs turbulent flow, viscosity, head loss, density, and Reynolds Number, get a book about fluid mechanics. The title will be something like Fluid Mechanics, Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Introductory Fluid Mechanics, or similar. There are many such books available, almost anyone should have the information you need.