What is the significance of rare earth elements in modern technology?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the significance of rare earth elements in modern technology, including their geological distribution, applications, and historical context. Participants explore various aspects such as the recent discovery of deposits in Japan, the classification of rare earth elements, and the geological processes that may contribute to their abundance.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Conceptual clarification
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants highlight the substantial deposits of rare earth elements in China, Australia, and the US, with a recent significant find in Japan estimated to contain large quantities of dysprosium and terbium.
  • One participant notes that the term "rare earth" is a misnomer, suggesting a need for clarification on the terminology.
  • Another participant provides a detailed list of the crustal abundance of lanthanides and other related elements, indicating their relative scarcity compared to more common elements.
  • Several participants speculate on the geological reasons for the abundance of rare earth elements in specific locations, such as plate tectonics and ancient meteor strikes, while referencing geological texts for further insights.
  • One participant mentions the historical context of rare earth element discovery in Ytterby, Sweden, and how some elements are named after this location.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express varying viewpoints on the geological origins of rare earth elements and the implications of their recent discoveries. There is no consensus on the specific geological processes responsible for their abundance, and the discussion remains open-ended.

Contextual Notes

Some claims about geological processes and the classification of rare earth elements depend on specific definitions and assumptions that are not fully resolved in the discussion.

Astronuc
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Rare Earth's are of considerable interest in modern technology.

China has substantial deposits of light and heavy rare Earth's. Australia and the US have deposits as well.

Recently, Japan has identified substantial deposits in its exclusive economic zone.
http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201804170045.html

The deposits, estimated at 16 million tons, lie at a depth of 5,700 meters about 250 km south of Minami-Torishima island in the Pacific Ocean.

It was estimated that the deposits contain enough dysprosium, which is used in the production of hybrid auto motors, to last for 730 years, and 420 years’ worth of terbium, which is used in magneto-optical discs, among other things.
 
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Astronuc said:
Recently, Japan has identified substantial deposits

That is a highly significant find.
 
Crustal Abundance (parts per million) of lanthanides, and scandium and yttrium. Elements listed with Z and element symbol.
Code:
Nickel (28Ni)        90
Zinc (30Zn)          79
Copper (29Cu)        68
Cerium (58Ce)        60.0
Lanthanum (57La)     30.0
Cobalt (27Co)        30
Neodymium (60Nd)     27.0
Yttrium (39Y)        24.0
Scandium (21Sc)      16.0
Lead (82Pb)          10
Praseodymium (59Pr)  6.7
Thorium (90Th)       6
Samarium (62Sm)      5.3
Gadolinium (64Gd)    4.0
Dysprosium (66Dy)    3.8
Tin (50Tn)           2.2
Erbium (68Er)        2.1
Ytterbium (70Yb)     2.0
Europium (63Eu)      1.3
Holmium (67Ho)       0.8
Terbium (65Tb)       0.7
Lutetium (71Lu)      0.4
Thulium (69Tm)       0.3
Silver (47Ag)        0.08
Gold (79Au)          0.0031
Promethium (61Pm)    1E-18

Promethium is naturally radioactive
Reference: EPA, Rare Earth Elements: A Review of Production, Processing, Recycling, and Associated Environmental Issues (2012)

The REEs are sometimes classified as light RE: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, and heavy RE gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium. Scandium and yttrium are lighter than the lanthanides.
 
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Might be slightly off topic, but how can someplace (like Japan) have an abundance of rare elements?
Plate tectonics? ancient meteor strike?
 
rootone said:
Might be slightly off topic, but how can someplace (like Japan) have an abundance of rare elements?
Plate tectonics? ancient meteor strike?
Rare Earth elements would have originally formed from fast fission of actinides like thorium, uranium and transuranics.

Geologically, see section 2.4 in the text https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783642354571
Preview sample - http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9783642354571-c2.pdf
 
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rootone said:
Might be slightly off topic, but how can someplace (like Japan) have an abundance of rare elements?
Plate tectonics? ancient meteor strike?

I was going to move this thread to the Earth forum so that you could get an answer to that. But I forgot to reckon with @Astronuc , his knowledge is encyclopedic. :wink:
 
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