What were the early design concepts for the Apollo program?

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Early design concepts for the Apollo program featured a fully assembled Command Module and Service Module intended to land on the Moon, prior to the development of a separate lunar lander. The initial plans lacked details for crew access to the lunar surface, prompting the addition of a ladder, despite complications with the airlock design. Notably, the Service Module included hinged radiator panels and deployable radar dishes. The landing mechanism utilized a fixed J2 rocket engine and gimballed thrusters, with a solid fuel booster pack for lunar ascent. Re-entry was planned to mirror the final design but included a para-sail instead of parachutes, alongside a proposed "space-lab" for docking.
Janus
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In the TIL thread, I posted a link which had a number of imaged of an early proposal for the Apollo program.

I thought I'd use them to do a few renders of what it might have looked like, and point out some of the major differences from the final version.

First, what the craft in fully assembled configuration

Apollo_old_full.png


The plans where a bit shy on some of the cosmetic details, so a took some poetic license with that.
What immediately jumps out at you is that the whole Command module/service Module assembly was meant to descend to the Lunar surface. They hadn't come up with the separate lander and Lunar orbit rendezvous scheme at this stage yet.
Another thing to note is the plans showed no means for the crew to reach the Lunar surface, so took the liberty of adding a ladder. The only problem with this is that the designs included an airlock for the Command Module which exited through the nose. I'm not sure how they would have handled getting from airlock to Service Module ladder.

Another notable feature is that the Service Module incorporated hinged radiator panels and stored radar dishes the would deploy at some point. This GIF shows how this would work. The doors covering the radar dish compartments would close again after deployment.
apollo_old.gif


Though there were two dishes, only one is visible here.

Landing on the Moon used a fixed J2 rocket engine and four thrusters mounted on gimbals. The four smaller thrusters were pressure fed from a Helium tank.
In these images the lander legs are in the default extended position. On landing, hydraulic struts would compress causing the legs to splay out further.

The SM/CM would leave the Moon initially by a solid fuel booster pack ( as shown here attached to the bottom of the SM) and four gimballed thrusters.
Apollo_old_2.png


which would then detach, revealing another set of solid fuel boosters:

Apollo_old_3.png


Here is the whole system expanded and labeled:

apollo_expld.png
 
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dlgoff said:
Beautiful work @Janus.
Thanks.
 
That is beautiful.

How was re-entry supposed to work?
 
Vanadium 50 said:
That is beautiful.

How was re-entry supposed to work?
The same way it was finally done: The command module separates, turns around and reenters heat shield first. One difference was that it was equipped with a para-sail rather than parachutes.
 
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The plans also included a sheet for a "space-lab". I'm not sure exactly what its purpose was.
Anyway, here's what it might have looked like docked to the CM/SM pair.
SPACE_LAB.png

The solar panels would be folded over the end during launch. The arms they were mounted on could rotate on the lab's axis, and the panels rotated on the ends of the arms in order to keep them oriented to the Sun.
 
Pilot training is critical to safe flying. I watched the following video regarding the crash of TAM 402 (31 October 1996), which crashed into a Sao Paolo neighorbood about 25 seconds after takeoff. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAM_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Regionais_Flight_402 The pilots were never trained to handle such an event (the airline had asked the manufacturer about training for this event), since it was considered too improbable (so rare) by the manufacturer. There was no...
Due to the constant never ending supply of "cool stuff" happening in Aerospace these days I'm creating this thread to consolidate posts every time something new comes along. Please feel free to add random information if its relevant. So to start things off here is the SpaceX Dragon launch coming up shortly, I'll be following up afterwards to see how it all goes. :smile: https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacex/

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