The probability of selecting John and then James as disciples of Jesus is calculated based on the total number of disciples, which is 12. The probability of choosing John first is 1/12, and after selecting John, the probability of choosing James next is 1/11. Therefore, the combined probability of selecting John and then James is 1/(12*11), resulting in 1/132. The discussion emphasizes the importance of understanding the problem-solving process rather than just receiving answers. Engaging with the material step-by-step is crucial for deeper comprehension.