The actual G forces experienced by astronauts during takeoff, in space, and reentry are less than predicted due to the effects of acceleration and the varying conditions of motion. While Earth's gravitational force is 9.8 m/s², this value only applies when an object is at rest or moving at a constant velocity. During shuttle ascent, additional forces from acceleration must be considered, as described by Newton's second law (F=ma). This results in a net force that can differ from the expected gravitational force alone.
PREREQUISITESAerospace engineers, physics students, and anyone interested in the dynamics of space travel and the physical experiences of astronauts.