- #1
waofy
- 4
- 0
Hi, the discussions in this forum have always been a great help to me as it seems there's always someone who's answered my question. However, this time I'm still puzzled.
People often talk about the sum of the Lyapunov exponents of a dynamical system (i.e. adding the exponents from each dimension in phase space) giving an indication of the overall behaviour of the system. For example, it is said that for a chaotic system the sum of the Lyapunov exponents is positive and for a dissipative system it is negative.
However, this doesn't make sense as the sum of the exponents is not the same as the exponent for the net trajectory through phase space.
e.g. in the case of a 3-dimensional phase space (x,y,z) with the system trajectory \begin{equation}
{\bf r}(t)=[x(t),y(t),z(t)]
\end{equation}
the separation between two trajectories is given by:
\begin{equation}
|\delta{\bf r}(t)|=e^{\lambda(t-t_{o})}|\delta{\bf r}(t_{o})|
\end{equation}
where lambda is the Lyapunov exponent of the trajectory. Now considering each dimension separately,
\begin{equation}
|\delta{\bf r}(t)|=|[\delta{x}(t),\delta{y}(t),\delta{z}(t)]|=|[e^{\lambda_{x}(t-t_{o})}\delta x(t_{o}),e^{\lambda_{y}(t-t_{o})}\delta y(t_{o}),e^{\lambda_{z}(t-t_{o})}\delta z(t_{o})]|=\sqrt{e^{2\lambda_{x}(t-t_{o})}\delta x(t_{o})^{2}+e^{2\lambda_{y}(t-t_{o})}\delta y(t_{o})^{2}+e^{2\lambda_{z}(t-t_{o})}\delta z(t_{o})^{2}}
\end{equation}(1)
where the lambdas are the exponent for each dimension. However, if the exponent of the trajectory was equal to the sum of exponents from each dimension,
\begin{equation}
|\delta{\bf r}(t)|=e^{(\lambda_{x}+\lambda_{y}+\lambda_{z})(t-t_{o})}|\delta{\bf r}(t_{o})|=e^{(\lambda_{x}+\lambda_{y}+\lambda_{z})(t-t_{o})}|[\delta x(t_{o}),\delta y(t_{o}),\delta z(t_{o})]|=e^{(\lambda_{x}+\lambda_{y}+\lambda_{z})(t-t_{o})}\sqrt{\delta x(t_{o})^{2}+\delta y(t_{o})^{2}+\delta z(t_{o})^{2}}
\end{equation}(2)
Clearly (1)=/=(2).
Am I missing something here? The only thing I can think of is that I haven't understood the meaning of the Lyapunov spectrum correctly. I've always assumed each exponent represents the the behaviour of trajectories moving in a single dimension but I could be wrong?
People often talk about the sum of the Lyapunov exponents of a dynamical system (i.e. adding the exponents from each dimension in phase space) giving an indication of the overall behaviour of the system. For example, it is said that for a chaotic system the sum of the Lyapunov exponents is positive and for a dissipative system it is negative.
However, this doesn't make sense as the sum of the exponents is not the same as the exponent for the net trajectory through phase space.
e.g. in the case of a 3-dimensional phase space (x,y,z) with the system trajectory \begin{equation}
{\bf r}(t)=[x(t),y(t),z(t)]
\end{equation}
the separation between two trajectories is given by:
\begin{equation}
|\delta{\bf r}(t)|=e^{\lambda(t-t_{o})}|\delta{\bf r}(t_{o})|
\end{equation}
where lambda is the Lyapunov exponent of the trajectory. Now considering each dimension separately,
\begin{equation}
|\delta{\bf r}(t)|=|[\delta{x}(t),\delta{y}(t),\delta{z}(t)]|=|[e^{\lambda_{x}(t-t_{o})}\delta x(t_{o}),e^{\lambda_{y}(t-t_{o})}\delta y(t_{o}),e^{\lambda_{z}(t-t_{o})}\delta z(t_{o})]|=\sqrt{e^{2\lambda_{x}(t-t_{o})}\delta x(t_{o})^{2}+e^{2\lambda_{y}(t-t_{o})}\delta y(t_{o})^{2}+e^{2\lambda_{z}(t-t_{o})}\delta z(t_{o})^{2}}
\end{equation}(1)
where the lambdas are the exponent for each dimension. However, if the exponent of the trajectory was equal to the sum of exponents from each dimension,
\begin{equation}
|\delta{\bf r}(t)|=e^{(\lambda_{x}+\lambda_{y}+\lambda_{z})(t-t_{o})}|\delta{\bf r}(t_{o})|=e^{(\lambda_{x}+\lambda_{y}+\lambda_{z})(t-t_{o})}|[\delta x(t_{o}),\delta y(t_{o}),\delta z(t_{o})]|=e^{(\lambda_{x}+\lambda_{y}+\lambda_{z})(t-t_{o})}\sqrt{\delta x(t_{o})^{2}+\delta y(t_{o})^{2}+\delta z(t_{o})^{2}}
\end{equation}(2)
Clearly (1)=/=(2).
Am I missing something here? The only thing I can think of is that I haven't understood the meaning of the Lyapunov spectrum correctly. I've always assumed each exponent represents the the behaviour of trajectories moving in a single dimension but I could be wrong?