Afraid not, without knowing the temperature distribution at a specific time you aren't going to obtain a (non-trivial) unique solution.
The former specifies the temperature on the spatial boundaries of the domain (in this case x=-1 and x=1). The latter specifies the temperature distribution at...
Your equation is the 1D heat equation, the solutions of which are very well known and understood. A google search should yield what you need.
P.S. You will also need some kind of initial condition.
Yes. One would need to go back to Newton's law of gravitation and compute
\Delta U = \int_{R}^{R+h} \frac{GM_E m}{r^2}\;\text{d}r,
where R is the radius of the Earth, ME is the mass of the Earth, m is the mass of the man and h is the height of Everest.
First you must understand the Lorentz transformations: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/relativ/ltrans.html#c2
Then you can take a look at length contraction & time dilation: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/relativ/tdil.html
Such explanations a notoriously difficult and...
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The invariance in the speed of light was postulated by Einstein in the early 20th century. Einstein deduced (for want of a better word) this from the lack of an aether (i.e. the fact that light doesn't need a medium to propagate through). This invariance has been...