Triangle similarity is closely related to supplementary angles in geometry, particularly in high school curricula. The discussion highlights that the triangle problem involving a single square demonstrates how supplementary angles at the vertices of the triangle lead to the conclusion that the smaller triangles formed are similar. This similarity allows for the establishment of equal ratios of corresponding sides among the triangles. Additionally, all three smaller triangles in the problem are identified as right triangles, which further supports the application of triangle similarity principles. Understanding these concepts is essential for solving related geometric problems effectively.