Ions are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons, resulting in a positive or negative charge. This occurs when the number of protons and electrons in an atom are not equal.
Ions can form through a variety of processes, including chemical reactions, exposure to radiation, and electrical discharges. Generally, atoms become ions when they gain or lose electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.
Cations are positively charged ions that have lost one or more electrons, while anions are negatively charged ions that have gained one or more electrons. Cations are typically formed from metals, while anions are formed from nonmetals.
Subatomic particles are particles that make up atoms. They include protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom, while electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels.
The number and arrangement of subatomic particles in an atom determine the chemical and physical properties of an element. For example, the number of protons and electrons in an atom determines its atomic number and charge, while the number of neutrons affects its stability and isotopic mass.