What is Confinement: Definition and 73 Discussions

Solitary confinement is a form of imprisonment distinguished by living in single cells with little or no meaningful contact with other inmates, strict measures to control contraband, and the use of additional security measures and equipment. It is specifically designed for disruptive inmates who are security risks to other inmates, the prison staff, or the prison itself — but can also be used as a measure of protection for inmates whose safety is threatened by other inmates or as a form of disciplinary punishment.According to a 2017 review study, "a robust scientific literature has established the negative psychological effects of solitary confinement", leading to "an emerging consensus among correctional as well as professional, mental health, legal, and human rights organizations to drastically limit the use of solitary confinement." The United Nations considers solitary confinement exceeding 15 days to be torture.

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  1. M

    .Books on Quantum Confinement and Consequences

    Hello guys , since I was unable to post this in Learning Materials section so posting it here , mod move it there , i have taken nano science in my Msc final and some of my coursework is : quantum confinement & consequences , quantum wells,quantum wires,quantum dots, artificial atoms...
  2. N

    Quark confinement and meson confinement

    We know that when photon/electron/muon/proton hit another proton then many types of mesons exit the proton. Why these mesons are not confined inside the proton, and single quarks are? Thanks, and sorry if this is a stupid question... I couldn't find an answer in the literature.
  3. S

    M. Frame: Invariant Mass Confinement < c Motion

    Hi, hopefully this isn't a dumb question. I've read essentially that in the center of mass/momentum frame an object has invariant mass, and that the system's total mass will be composed of the constituent particles' masses and any other kinetic and potential energies within the system. I also...
  4. O

    Understanding Fusion Power: Deuterium & Tritium in Magnetic Confinement

    I have been researching about fusion power to understand how it operates during thermonuclear reactions. I do not understand how and how much deuterium and tritium are placed into the magnetic confinement (tokomak). I appreciate it, if anyone guides me about this. Thank you
  5. V

    What Does 'Quake Confinement' Mean in Astrophysics?

    What is "Quake Confinement" Hey everyone, I'm doing an exam review that's telling me to know what "Quake Confinement" means... and other than it occurring at t=10^-7 seconds... I can't find any more info. Any ideas or links?
  6. B

    Exploring Quark Confinement: The Truth Behind the Force Between Quarks

    I've read conflicting definitions of what happens to the force between quarks as they're pulled apart. Do the gluon tubes form to maintain a constant force between them, or does the force actually increase as the distance between quarks increase? Is there an easily defined potential between the...
  7. S

    Quantum confinement effect on ionic properties

    Hello all, I want to know if decreasing the size of material has effects on its ionic properties? I mean, forexample, we have a system which, in chemistry point of view, has high ionicity, like AlN, ZnO and ... Does the ionic property change if we confine the system in some directions...
  8. B

    Quarks: Confinement Issues & Free Particles

    I'm struggling to get to grips with the idea that quarks cannot be observed as isolated particles due to confinement and yet existed as free particles during an early epoch after the big bang. Surely quarks aren't actually confined if they can exist at high enough energies. In fact aren't...
  9. B

    Fusion via Inertial Confinement

    Hi all I have to write a short essay on an application of laser technology for a class. I'm keen to write it on ICF but my uni library doesn't have a great deal of material. Can anyone link me to some reputable sources on the internet? thanks
  10. S

    Groups of quarks and confinement

    hey guys, I am a first year physics student but my physics lecturer invited me to sit in during her third year physics lecture. Of course i didnt fully understand some of it, but i think i at least grasped the concept of confinement (the lecture was on quantum chromodynamics by the way)...
  11. R

    Magnetic confinement field range

    How would using a kilo Tesla magnetic field (quite strong I know) affect magnetic confinement fusion. can this overcome main difficulties ? I think if the field was stable for enough time this would increase plasma lifetime and the reaction cross section . I know that a kilo Tesla...
  12. C

    Dynamic Confinement: Min Angular Velocity of Object for Solid Behaviour

    What is the minumum angular velocity of an object to behave solid to various objects? I've tasked myself with determining the rotational velocity (omega) for (n) vertical beams rotating a distance (r) from common axis such that particles moving at a linear velocity (v) with a radius of (p)...
  13. DaTario

    Quantum virial and confinement

    Hi All As far as I know, the virial is the component of the Kinetic energy associated with one particular spatial dimension. Aditionally, when a particle is confined, its energy spectrum gets discretized. So my question: if, in three dimensions, a particle with momentum in ^i passes a...
  14. L

    QCD Confinement: Wilson Loops & Quantum Fluctuations

    Which is the connection between the perimeter law for Wilson loops and quantum fluctuations of matter fields (presenting in the QCD Lagrangian); and why quantum fluctuations of gauge (Yang-Mills, gluonic) fields infolve the area law for appropriate Wilson loops? Senk You. Leonid.
  15. C

    QED Confinement: Will Charge be Confined if Alpha is Larger?

    What would happen if the fine structure constant alpha was larger? Will charge be confined, as colour is in QCD? A simple argument, based on non-relativistic quantum mechanics, is that the binding energy of an electron in a hidrogen atom is given by E= - 1/2 (alpha)² m_e c². If alpha=2...
  16. jal

    Tetraneutrons, quark confinement

    I am searching for Experimental evidence for minimum length and structures. femto, (f), 10^-15, femtometer, (1015 fm = 1 m), radius of a proton ~ 1 fm http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/nucl-th/pdf/0302/0302048v2.pdf Can Modern Nuclear Hamiltonians Tolerate a Bound Tetraneutron? Steven C...
  17. mheslep

    Confinement of Thermalized plasmas: Why not E instead B?

    I'm pondering the density limits realizable in thermalized plasmas (as in Tokamaks) and it seems that confinement by a rotating electric field (something like a Paul trap) would theoretically allow much higher densities than the current magnetic field techniques. No doubt I'm missing something...
  18. Astronuc

    9th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles in Magnetic Confinement Systems

    http://htpp.lhd.nifs.ac.jp/IAEATM-EP2005/ The purpose of the meeting is to discuss the status of experimental and theoretical works on suprathermal electrons and ions in a wide variety of magnetic confinement geometries. Topics include the formation and transport of energetic particles, the...
  19. K

    Conflicting Teachings concerning Quark confinement

    I've heard things from lineraly rising potential to linearly rising force. Since the change is over distance... which is it? If dF/dx is constant, then energy, being the product of force times distance, would increase at twice the exponential. That would mean that potential does not rise...
  20. C

    Quark Confinement Period, a Question.

    Greetings, I've read that Quarks became confined and able to bind into baryons like protons and neutrons in the Period of ~10*-12seconds -to- ~10*-5seconds. Its been stated that as the average photon's energy in this period (kT) dropped below about 1 GeV, that quarks could finally bind to...
  21. DaTario

    Relativity, confinement and Quantum Mechanics

    Supose for simplicity that c = 1 m/s, and that it is the highest velocity a massive body can achieve. So if, when t = 0, you are located at x = 0, the limiting velocity c forbids you to reach the position x = 1 (or x = -1) until the clock reaches t = 1 s. Isn't it confinement ? And, if it is ...
  22. R

    Quark confinement in early universe

    When the universe expanded so that the quarks in it reached a separation of 10^-15 metres, did quark confinement create new quarks,and if so, what proportion of the quarks that galaxies are made of, were created by confinement?
  23. R

    Understanding Quark Confinement in Hadrons

    Could someone please clarify my problem with the subject of quark confinement within hadrons. I understand that from the potential that more and more energy is required to further separate two quarks (or quark anti-quark) and think i understand why that at a point a quark anti-quark pair is...
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