What Are the Basic Pathologies Related to Sugar Metabolism in Humans?

[aychamo]

Biochemistry pathologies.. ??

Hey guys..

I'm trying to set straight in my mind the basic pathologies relating to sugar in the human. Mainly, the various types of diabetes and hypo/hyperglycemia.

We covered the basics in my biochemistry class, but we did it all so fast that I got lost with all the talk of gluconeogensis and glycogenolysis and glycolysis, etc. Everything is so confused in my mind that the other night I was watching a movie and the little girl needed her glucagon shot and I had to figure out what pathology she had..

May someone please just take the above diseases and breifly say what they are a deficiet of?

(I promise this isn't a homework question or anything, we've left this material behind and are on heme synthesis now ... I just want to have these things straight..)

Like.. Diabetes mellitus results in hyperglycemia because of the lack of insulin to take glucose out of the blood and into the cells.. So how does this relate to glycolysis, gluconeogensis, or glycogenolysis?

Or when you are a bit hypoglycemic, and you release glycogen to beak down fats (b-oxidation?)..??

I just need a little help weaving everything together.. I would really appreciate any insight into this.

Thank you

 

[jena]

Found this it might help a little

http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/604glycogenesis.html

 

[Blueshift5]

for your question. Biochemistry pathologies refer to diseases or disorders that involve biochemical processes and pathways in the body. This can include diseases related to the metabolism of various molecules, such as sugars, lipids, and proteins. In the context of your question, the main biochemistry pathologies related to sugar are diabetes and hypo/hyperglycemia.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) due to a deficiency or inability to use the hormone insulin. Insulin is responsible for taking glucose out of the blood and into cells where it can be used for energy. Without enough insulin, glucose remains in the blood and can cause damage to tissues and organs. This deficiency of insulin can be caused by a lack of production (Type 1 diabetes) or a resistance to its effects (Type 2 diabetes). These deficiencies can be related to defects in the production or signaling of insulin, as well as issues with glucose uptake and utilization in cells.

Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and glycolysis are all involved in the regulation of blood sugar levels. Gluconeogenesis is the process of creating new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and fatty acids. This can occur in the liver and kidneys when blood sugar levels are low and the body needs a source of glucose for energy. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen, a storage form of glucose, into glucose molecules that can be used for energy. This process also occurs when blood sugar levels are low and the body needs a quick source of glucose. Glycolysis, on the other hand, is the breakdown of glucose into smaller molecules to produce energy in cells. This process is regulated by insulin and can be affected by insulin deficiencies seen in diabetes.

Hypo/hyperglycemia refer to low and high blood sugar levels, respectively. These can occur due to imbalances in insulin production and utilization, as well as other factors such as diet, exercise, and medication. In cases of hypoglycemia, the body may release glycogen to break down fats through beta-oxidation in order to produce glucose for energy.

In summary, biochemistry pathologies related to sugar involve disruptions in the regulation and utilization of glucose in the body, often due to deficiencies in insulin production or signaling. Understanding the interplay between processes such as gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and glycolysis is important in understanding