Why does stretching a rubber band increase its temperature?

In summary, stretching a rubber band causes its temperature to rise due to an increase in internal energy, rather than a release of heat. This is explained by the first law of thermodynamics, which states that the change in internal energy is equal to the heat exchanged plus the work done. The hot sensation felt when placing a stretched rubber band to your lip is a result of thermal energy equalizing between the band and the lower temperature of your tongue.
  • #1
dsanz
42
2
I was reading the Feynman lectures and in one of the chapters on thermodynamics it is stated that stretching a rubber band makes its temperature rise. I feel like I understand the thermodynamics of the rubber band and yet this statement is puzzling me. I believe that when you stretch a rubber band, it will release heat. This is in agreement with the hot sensation that you feel if you were to put the rubber band to your upper lip (this is a common experiment). Wouldn't this release of heat be consistent with a decrease in temperature, not an increase?
 
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  • #2
You shouldn't think of it like "releasing heat", as if heat detached itself from the object. Rather, think of it as a process of equalization: the rubber band heats up because of the work you put into it, and now the band is out of thermal equilibrium with its environment. Your tongue gets to it, and the tongue, being of lower temperature, exchanges thermal energy with the rubber band, until they equalize somewhere in the middle. That raise in temperature of your tongue is what you perceive.
 
  • #3
If you understand the thermodynamics, you know that there are three terms in the first law:
## \Delta U = Q + W ##
In the process described, assuming that initially the band has the same temperature as the environment and the process is fast, the heat exchanged is negligible. The work is done and the effect is an increase in internal energy. There is no heat released or exchanged or otherwise involved in the process.
The increase in internal energy translates into increased temperature and now you will have heat exchanged between the band and medium (part of which may be your lip).
 

1. Why does stretching a rubber band cause it to heat up?

Stretching a rubber band causes it to heat up due to a phenomenon called elastic hysteresis. When a rubber band is stretched, the polymer chains within the rubber band are forced to straighten and align, which requires energy. This energy is converted into heat, causing the rubber band to increase in temperature.

2. Does the temperature increase depend on the amount of stretching?

Yes, the temperature increase of a rubber band does depend on the amount of stretching. The more a rubber band is stretched, the more the polymer chains are forced to align and the more energy is required, resulting in a higher temperature increase.

3. Does the color of the rubber band affect the temperature increase?

The color of a rubber band does not have a significant effect on the temperature increase when it is stretched. However, darker colors may absorb more heat from the surroundings and may feel warmer to the touch.

4. Is there a limit to how much a rubber band can be stretched before it breaks?

Yes, there is a limit to how much a rubber band can be stretched before it breaks. This limit is known as the elastic limit and varies depending on the type and quality of the rubber band. Exceeding this limit causes the rubber band to permanently deform or break.

5. Why does a rubber band cool down when released after being stretched?

A rubber band cools down when released after being stretched due to the recovery of its original shape. When a rubber band is stretched, the polymer chains are forced to align, but when released, they return to their original random orientation, releasing the stored energy as heat. This is known as elastic recoil and is the reverse process of elastic hysteresis.

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