This is not exactly the article I was thinking of, but it is a good one! It looks like it will serve as an appropriate substitute for the purposes of my research project.
I found a really awesome article on determinism in science as a general concept, but I can't seem to find it anymore. It explained how certain differential equations can have the same "past" but different "futures," and vice versa, and used that as a model to discuss determinism.
Thanks for the relevant info and papers so far. I think the title may have contaminated the original impetus for the question, however. Let me try to clarify my question with a scenario:
A particle pair is created at the boundary of the causal universe of an observer. One particle is inside...
The universe is expanding as described by Hubble's law, which means that at a certain distance from an observer, expansion exceeds the speed of light, so all waves become infinitely red-shifted. In other words, if an goes beyond this point, no information about it can ever come back to the...