The problem is that the English language was created before quantum mechanics, and there isn't any really neat choice of phrase that explains the process of making a quantum measurement.
When a quantum system is left undisturbed, it's not possible to know exactly what the state of the system is...
Here are two partially declassified old (1960s) films used by the US to train military personnel:
"High Altitude Nuclear Weapon Effects • Part One • Phenomenology"
"High Altitude Nuclear Weapon Effects • Part Two • Systems Interference"
These are indeed "blasts from the past".
If there is no significant rotation observed from Doppler radar before a tornado, and the tornado is verified by ground observation of a path of damage, that would most likely be a bottom-up tornado. Some tornadoes might be too distant from a radar station to tell the difference, however.
Most...
I don't have numbers available.
I would imagine that the easiest way to discern between top-down and bottom-up tornadoes would be to use Doppler radar to determine if, and when, and at what height, a significant amount of rotation was observed for every tornado warning issued, and then to match...
Most tornadoes form high in the sky over land and are top-down.
Most waterspouts form low in the sky over water and are bottom-up.
There are many exceptions to these two rules of thumb.
"Gustnadoes" are essentially large whirlwinds that become powerful enough to be classified as low-strength...
If I were you, I'd take a look at the material on the test, and then try to find a free online course or two that is a close match with the test.
You can't sit down and go through a 1200 page textbook in two months, and it's too much of a grind.
Try edX and Coursera.
A quick search on edX...
Part of the problem with presenting this sort of data is that it's hard to copy tables without a common format across web platforms, so it's harder to read.
I tried to break up the "wall of numbers" into three more bite-sized sets and it appears that it STILL confused people.
I wrote "6.0 or higher", which includes anything greater than a 6.9.
There were three mag seven-somethings in January, two in February, and three in August plus the 8.2.
Add 3, 2, and 4 in those months to your numbers and you get my numbers:
.. 8, 9, 8, 7, 6, 1, 9, 19
+ 3, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0...
Wikipedia is not a good source for formal academics, but it's usually OK for straightforward reporting of facts, such as earthquake magnitudes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_2018
Here's my attempt to re-format the large earthquakes reported for the first nine months of...
If I recall correctly, there were many smaller earthquakes that were triggered by the 8.2 magnitude one last month, and many of them were quite some distance from the original 8.2 magnitude quake.
Is there any evidence that there are similar aftershocks or triggered quakes at a large distance...
Just as a sanity check, I took the figures given in your reference for the total energy dissipated by tidal forces:
"P = 110 ± 25 GW. For comparison this is 22 times smaller than the M% dissipation rate in the oceans (Cartwright & Ray 1991), but an order of magnitude greater than the rate in...
We've had probes in orbit for extended periods of time around Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
Has anyone tried to use the data accumulated by these probes to measure the change in distance between Earth and each of these planets over long period of time?
I've only seen data for the...
After further thought, if the Earth is moving away from the Sun over over long periods of time, that might also help to solve the "faint young Sun" paradox, as it implies that Earth was closer to the Sun three or four billion years ago and thus received more sunshine. Same idea would apply to a...
The article states that the quantity that was measured was the distance from the Earth to Mercury:
"By very precisely tracking the distance to MESSENGER from Earth, the collaboration was able to measure the change in the Earth-Mercury distance over the several years of observation. This...