I see. So the potential due to the induced charge ##\phi_\sigma## at ##r = a## must be equal to the negative of the potential due to the point charge at ##r = a##, such that the sum of the two equals zero. That means then that we would have
$$\begin{equation} \phi_\sigma(a, \theta) = -q...
After looking around a bit, I found that, considering the polar axis to be along the direction of the point charge as suggested by the exercise, the following Legendre polynomial expansion is true:
$$\begin{equation}\frac{1}{|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r'}|} = \sum_{n=0}^\infty...