# Homework Help: Analysis - problem on completeness of the reals

1. May 26, 2007

### quasar987

1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
Show that for all x$\geq 0$ in R, there is a real y with y²=x.

3. The attempt at a solution

Let U={$u\in R:u^2\leq x$}. U is bounded above so let y=sup(U). I'm trying to show that y²=x by showing that the two other alternatives lead to contradictions. First, suppose y²>x. My idea is that I should be able to find a u in U close to y such that x<u²<y². Because y is the supremum of U, for any 0<epsilon<y, there is a u in U with u>y-epsilon <==> u²>(y-epsilon)². Thus, if I find an epsilon<y such that (y-epsilon)²>x, then I will have won. We have (y-epsilon)²>x <==> epsilon² - 2y*epsilon + (y²-x) > 0. If I solve this quadratic inequality for epsilon<y, it gives 0<epsilon<y-$\sqrt{x}$. So epsilon=(y-$\sqrt{x}$)/2 would do.

But isn't that solution redudant? Because it involves $\sqrt{x}$, a number that when squared, gives x!

2. May 30, 2007

### morphism

Well, you can apply the intermediate value theorem to $\sqrt{x}$ to get a quick proof. If you want to stick to first principles, then I don't think you should be using $\sqrt{x}$ at all.

Let's look at your argument. We want v=y-e with e>0, so v<y, and we want v^2>x. Since we're already assuming that y^2>x, maybe it'd be a good idea to set e=y^2-x. If we try this, we'll find that the y^2 term is annoying. How about we try e=(y^2-x)/y, then? If you try that, you'll see that halving e will be a good idea, i.e. set e=(y^2-x)/(2y).

v^2 = (y-e)^2 = y^2 - (y^2-x) + [(y^2-x)/(2y)]^2 > x

i.e. v is an upperbound for U that is less than y, a contradiction.

(Of course in order to divide by y I had to assume that y>0, i.e. in essence that x>0. But this isn't a problem, because if x=0, then we can deal with this trivial case separately. That is, 0^2=0!)

Last edited: May 30, 2007
3. May 31, 2007

### NateTG

You can't use $\sqrt{x}$, but perhaps you can come up with an alternative upper bound for $\epsilon$ that doesn't involve $\sqrt{x}$?