GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the most widely used cell phone system or standard in the world, with over 2 billion subscribers. There are many differences beween GSM and CDMA, but at the grossest level it is this: GSM uses TDMA (time division multiple access), that is, it allocates users on a freqency channel to different time slots. CDMA (code division multiple access) transmits to/receives from multiple phones at the same time in the same frequency channel and separates them by encoding the signal streams with mathematically orthogonal codes.
I suggest that you look CDMA, TDMA and GSM on Wikipedia for introductory material.