CKM Matrix for N Quark Generations: Reduced Parameters

[ChrisVer]

I am having some difficulties in understanding something I found. Speaking about CKM matrix for N quark generations...
I know that the Cabibbo Kobayashi Maskawa matrix is unitary, so it has N^2 free real parameters.
Although I cannot understand how by an overall face they get (2N-1) less :/

If I write:
V_CKM= U_u^τ U_d
and make a transformation:
V_CKM= U_u^τ F_u^τ F_d U_d
how could it change my free parameters like 2N-1?

 

[Vanadium 50]

I know that the Cabibbo Kobayashi Maskawa matrix is unitary, so it has N^2 free real parameters.

OK, so by that argument, a 2x2 should have 4. Let me just pick one.

\left( \begin{array}{cc}<br /> 2 &amp; 0 \\<br /> 0 &amp; 2 \end{array} \right) <br />

See the problem?

 

[ChrisVer]

what u wrote is not a unitary matrix -obviously-
Pauli matrices are unitary for example... so they can be described by N^2 real parameters (N=2, so N^2=4)
while at the beginning you have 2N^2 (2x2 complex entry matrices, so each entry has 2 parameters) because of unitarity it drops to N^2...
[a+ib, c+id ; f+ik , h+ig]
you know that b=g=0 due to unitarity.
and that (f+ik)*= c+id. or c=f and k=-d
so the parameters fell from 8 (a,b,c,d,f,k,h,g) to 4 (a,c,k,h)...

 

[dauto]

I am having some difficulties in understanding something I found. Speaking about CKM matrix for N quark generations...
I know that the Cabibbo Kobayashi Maskawa matrix is unitary, so it has N^2 free real parameters.
Although I cannot understand how by an overall face they get (2N-1) less :/

If I write:
V_CKM= U_u^τ U_d
and make a transformation:
V_CKM= U_u^τ F_u^τ F_d U_d
how could it change my free parameters like 2N-1?

The CKM matrix is only meaningful as a factor in a term in the lagrangean.
That term will also have fields (in fact 2N quark fields).
You can remove degrees of freedom from the matrix by transferring phase factors from the matrix to the fields and absorbing the phases into the fields - that is, you redefine the fields to include the phase in their definition.
You would think naively that that process would allow you to remove 2N phases from the matrix but if you chose all the phases transferred to the quarks to be identical to each other, the CKM matrix won't be affected at all. That means that one overall arbitrary common phase for the all the quarks cannot be fixed which means you really end up removing only 2N -1 degrees of freedom from the CKM matrix.

 

[dauto]

OK, so by that argument, a 2x2 should have 4. Let me just pick one.

\left( \begin{array}{cc}<br /> 2 &amp; 0 \\<br /> 0 &amp; 2 \end{array} \right) <br />

See the problem?

That matrix does indeed have four parameters and as pointed out above, it isn't unitary. Unitary does not mean diagonal.

 

[ChrisVer]

That matrix does indeed have four parameters and as pointed out above, it isn't unitary. Unitary does not mean diagonal.

Not really dauto... in fact it has 4 parameters, but you have no way to say they are independent :p it can equivalently be 2 (since it's symmetric)

 

[dauto]

Not really dauto... in fact it has 4 parameters, but you have no way to say they are independent :p it can equivalently be 2 (since it's symmetric)

point taken

 

[Vanadium 50]

I know the matrix that I posted was not unitary. That was the point. That's why I wrote "see the problem?"

If I can construct a non-unitary matrix from the N^2 free parameters, then N^2 is not the right number of free parameters. Do we agree?

 

[ChrisVer]

I know the matrix that I posted was not unitary. That was the point. That's why I wrote "see the problem?"

If I can construct a non-unitary matrix from the N^2 free parameters, then N^2 is not the right number of free parameters. Do we agree?

A n×n matrix with complex entries has 2n^{2} parameters from which you can fully determine it. Now if a matrix A is unitary:
AA^{τ}=A^{τ}A=1 (τ is the hermitian conjugate)
this drops your free parameters by N^{2}, because while before you had all complex entries now you can get rid of the "complex" part of the diagonal, and relate the up to the down off-diagonal elements, thus you fall by N^{2}.
So for any unitary matrix A_{n×n} you need n^{2} real parameters to determine it.

The other way around is not always true. For example a real NxN matrix has N² elements, but it of course doesn't have to be unitary...

 

[Vanadium 50]

Let me say it again. I know the matrix that I posted was not unitary. That was the point. That's why I wrote "see the problem?"

The question is why N^2 is wrong. That is why I showed a counterexample. And then wrote "see the problem".

 

[ChrisVer]

My question was that I didn't understand how, out of the transformations stated above, the overall phase is being absorbed in the quark fields IN SUCH a way that you get 2N-1 constraints...
The F_{u} F_{d} matrices would bring 2N phases, and i was missing the 1

 

[dauto]

My question was that I didn't understand how, out of the transformations stated above, the overall phase is being absorbed in the quark fields IN SUCH a way that you get 2N-1 constraints...
The F_{u} F_{d} matrices would bring 2N phases, and i was missing the 1

Did you see my post? I tried to explain the missing 1.

 

[ChrisVer]

Yeah I did it already...I just reexplained the question coz there was a confusion...