Coefficient of friction (static and kinetic)

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To find the coefficient of static friction between the sand and the innertube, use the applied force of 65 N and the total mass of 20.7 kg to calculate it. The coefficient of static friction is determined by the ratio of the static friction force to the normal force. For the kinetic friction, since the innertube is moving at a constant velocity with a pulling force of 60 N, this force equals the kinetic friction force. Thus, the coefficient of kinetic friction can be calculated using this force and the normal force. Understanding the relationship between the coefficient of friction and normal force is crucial for solving these problems.
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You pull your 20 kg little brother horizontally across a beack on a .7 kg innertube at 65 N to get the tube moving. What is the coefficient of static friction between the sand and the tube? You keep pulling at 60 N with the innertube at a constant velocity. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction?

I'm totally stuck. Please please please help me!
 
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What is the relationship of the coefficient of friction and normal force?

Objects with mass have an associated weight in a gravitational field.
 
"You pull your 20 kg little brother horizontally across a beack on a .7 kg innertube at 65 N to get the tube moving. What is the coefficient of static friction between the sand and the tube? You keep pulling at 60 N with the innertube at a constant velocity. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction?

I'm totally stuck. Please please please help me! "

OK, first step is to go back to the definition: The static friction is the force that must be applied before the object will move. You have the force in the problem already, and you have the mass that you are trying to move (20.7 kg). Solving for the coefficient of static friction a straightforward plugging in the numbers.

Now for the second piece, you know the force necessary to keep the tube moving at constant velocity (60N). The key is constant velocity, this means the force to pull is equal to the force of friction (no acceleration). Again, plug in your numbers from the problem and you should get your result.
 
The book claims the answer is that all the magnitudes are the same because "the gravitational force on the penguin is the same". I'm having trouble understanding this. I thought the buoyant force was equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. Weight depends on mass which depends on density. Therefore, due to the differing densities the buoyant force will be different in each case? Is this incorrect?

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