Comoving/Proper distance, transverse comoving distance

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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on the distinctions between comoving distance, transverse comoving distance, and proper distance within the context of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric. Comoving distance is not equivalent to proper distance; instead, proper distance is defined as \(D_M = R_0 S(\chi)\), while proper motion distance is represented as \(D_C\). The discussion references key equations from Hobson regarding luminosity distance \(d_L = (1+z) R_0 S(\chi)\) and angular diameter distance \(d_A = \frac{R_0 S(\chi)}{1+z}\). Hogg's paper is recommended as a valuable resource for further understanding these concepts.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric
  • Familiarity with cosmological coordinates: \((\chi, \theta, \phi)\) and \((r, \theta, \phi)\)
  • Knowledge of luminosity distance and angular diameter distance calculations
  • Basic grasp of cosmological redshift (z)
NEXT STEPS
  • Study the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric in detail
  • Read Hogg's paper on cosmological distances for deeper insights
  • Explore the implications of cosmological redshift (z) on distance measurements
  • Investigate the relationship between proper distance and light travel paths in cosmology
USEFUL FOR

Astronomers, cosmologists, and physics students seeking to clarify the concepts of comoving and proper distances in cosmology.

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I'm utterly confused by co-moving distance, transverse comoving distance and proper distance. Is comoving distance = proper distance? Then what is transverse comoving distance? Here's what I know so far:
The FRW metric can either be expressed as
ds^2 = c^2dt^2 - a^2(t) \left[ \frac{dr^2}{1-kr^2} + r^2(d\theta^2 + sin^2 \theta d\phi^2) \right]
or can be expressed as
ds^2 = c^2dt^2 - a^2(t) \left[ d\chi^2 + S^2(\chi) (d\theta^2 + sin^2 \theta d\phi^2) \right]

Hobson describes: "##(\chi, \theta, \phi)## and ##(r,\theta,\phi)## are co-moving coordinates, where the galaxy has fixed coordinate positions were the 'cosmological fluid' is at rest. He also says that luminosity distance ##d_L = (1+z) R_0 S(\chi)## and angular diameter distance ##d_A = \frac{R_0 S(\chi)}{1+z}##.

My notes describe them as

comoving.png


To reconcile both material, it seems that proper motion distance is ##D_M = R_0 S(\chi)## and proper distance = ##D_C## which is path taken by light?
 
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