Comparing the Difficulty of Undergraduate and Graduate Economics Programs

[Shackleford]

I am a math major, physics minor senior. Generally speaking, how does the difficulty of an economics master's program compare to my undergrad?

Well, I put this in the Social Sciences forum because I thought the people who post in there would have a better idea. This forum really just seems to be about engineering and hard science academics. But, I guess I'll find out. I may already asked in this forum. I don't remember.

 

[talk2glenn]

I am a math major, physics minor senior. Generally speaking, how does the difficulty of an economics graduate program compare to my undergrad?

Well, I put this in the Social Sciences forum because I thought the people who post in there would have a better idea. This forum really just seems to be about engineering and hard science academics. But, I guess I'll find out. I may already asked in this forum. I don't remember.

How did you do in your math classes and the math portion of the GRE?

The first two years of a PHD program in econ will be heavy proofs of intermediate theory (real analysis type stuff). Your last three years will be stats and metrics heavy, as you gather and work with data from your thesis.

An undergrad economics background isn't required.

 

[Shackleford]

How did you do in your math classes and the math portion of the GRE?

The first two years of a PHD program in econ will be heavy proofs of intermediate theory (real analysis type stuff). Your last three years will be stats and metrics heavy, as you gather and work with data from your thesis.

An undergrad economics background isn't required.

Sorry. I forgot to specify that I'm only interested in a master's program.

I have not taken the GRE yet. I have most of my senior-level math classes ahead. My cumulative GPA right now is 3.4. I only have one more class to finish the physics minor. My goal is to have at least a 3.5 when I graduate next spring.

 

[magicarpet512]

Hey, I'm kind of in the opposite boat that you're in. I got an undergrad in econ and am working on a masters in math.
The math in the undergrad econ programs are pretty watered down, and I think that is somewhat true for most masters econ programs.
At my university, there were several masters econ students taking electives in my upper level undergrad classes, which required elementary statistics and business calculus type stuff.
Also for the graduate level courses such as Microecon theory and macroecon theory, the department distinguished between masters level and Ph.D level classes. Some of the masters students with good math backgrounds opted to take the Ph.D level courses as credit towards their masters degree; which I think those courses were more along the lines of proofs intensive alalysis like talk2glenn said.
With your math background I don't think you should have any trouble with a masters program in economics.

 

[Pyrrhus]

Some universities do not offer Master's. I think with your undergrad background you'll survive the master program quite well. It is not as intensive as the PhD program.

 

[Shackleford]

Thanks for the input so far, guys. I'm glad to hear that all my hard work in undergrad will help me do well in grad school. On a different note, my personal economic philosophy tends to the free market/Austrian school of thought. Unfortunately for me, most major universities are Keynesian/neo-classical. I've found where all of the free market/Austrian programs out there, but none is in Texas. I think I may just have to bite the bullet and attend grad school in state that may not teach me the economic thought I'm looking for. However, I suppose I will still learn outside of school on my own.

 

[ParticleGrl]

On a different note, my personal economic philosophy tends to the free market/Austrian school of thought.

You should be wary of any program that teachers Austrian school primarily, as its not a mainstream school of economic thought. It would be like attending a physics program that devotes a class to Lorentz ether theory.

most major universities are Keynesian/neo-classical

Depending on what your program requires, you may not see much in the way of the simple Keynesian/classical models. Much of that work is done in intro macro/micro, which you would see in undergrad, not usually grad school. The major focus in grad econ (at least at the universities I am familiar with) will be on mathematical models of different facets of the economy (some maybe could be considered neo-Keynesian, some mayve real business cycle, etc), and on mathematical tools for studying data (regressions, etc.)

Because Austrians decry the use of mathematics in studying economics, in favor of philosophizing and meta-economics, they have walled themselves off from most modern economic thought.

 

[inknit]

I really recommend you look into some PhD programs in economics. Terminal Masters degrees aren't particularly good signals to employers, nor are they even offered in many places. Why? Because a lot of undergrads these days take graduate level micro/macro theory courses.

Btw, have you taken any economics courses at all? At the very least, you should have taken intermediate micro and macro, and some econometrics.

 

[Shackleford]

You should be wary of any program that teachers Austrian school primarily, as its not a mainstream school of economic thought. It would be like attending a physics program that devotes a class to Lorentz ether theory.
Depending on what your program requires, you may not see much in the way of the simple Keynesian/classical models. Much of that work is done in intro macro/micro, which you would see in undergrad, not usually grad school. The major focus in grad econ (at least at the universities I am familiar with) will be on mathematical models of different facets of the economy (some maybe could be considered neo-Keynesian, some mayve real business cycle, etc), and on mathematical tools for studying data (regressions, etc.)

Because Austrians decry the use of mathematics in studying economics, in favor of philosophizing and meta-economics, they have walled themselves off from most modern economic thought.

Just because it is not mainstream does not make the Austrian thought incorrect. Using propositional logic to deduce economic theory based on human action seems the most rational to me. If you simply want to measure economic activity, that's a different story. And, it seems most graduate programs have that as a goal using mathematical models. That's fine. However, I do not know of any program that is exclusively Austrian. I was strongly considering George Mason. I would imagine Austrian and free market merely form the qualitative theoretical framework.

I really recommend you look into some PhD programs in economics. Terminal Masters degrees aren't particularly good signals to employers, nor are they even offered in many places. Why? Because a lot of undergrads these days take graduate level micro/macro theory courses.

Btw, have you taken any economics courses at all? At the very least, you should have taken intermediate micro and macro, and some econometrics.

I have taken Intermediate Macro. At my university, I would have to take Intermediate Micro, Intro. to Econometrics, and Statistics for the Sciences.

I do not want to spend 5 years on a Ph.D. My university has an M.A. in Applied Economics. Would an applied focus be more marketable to employers?

 

[inknit]

If your goal is to engage in pseudo-economic philosophizing, why waste money on a graduate program? The works of Hayek and Mises are available online for free...

I don't think you're in a position to criticize neoclassical economics, when your knowledge of it is limited to what you may have read in the Wall Street Journal.

 

[Shackleford]

If your goal is to engage in pseudo-economic philosophizing, why waste money on a graduate program? The works of Hayek and Mises are available online for free...

I don't think you're in a position to criticize neoclassical economics, when your knowledge of it is limited to what you may have read in the Wall Street Journal.

I don't read the WSJ. I suppose I should instead look at the vast success of Keynesian economics.

Pseudo-economic? To understand economics, you consider the consumer, the market, and the effect of government on the exchanges in the market.

But, you're right. If that's my goal, why waste money on a graduate program? At this point, I'm trying to determine a goal. It could be to simply have economics as a hobby. I have yet to figure that out.

 

[Shackleford]

By the way, I should probably state that I have very much enjoyed listening to Milton Friedman online, if that's any indication of a direction I should take.

 

[inknit]

I'm not trying to deter you from applying to graduate programs, but you should know what you're getting yourself into.

Economics is not ideological, but methodological. No one's out there to indoctrinate you. The supposed Keynesian vs Austrian debate is merely a figment of the public's imagination about what they think economics is about.

These days the big macroeconomic debates concern New Keynesian sticky price models vs Real Business Cycle Theory models. Austrians aren't really taken seriously in academic circles.

Now in terms of masters programs, I'm sorry to say that there aren't any reputable programs in the United States. The good ones are in Europe (i.e. Toulouse, LSE), but I don't know if you're willing to go overseas.

But given your background, how about masters programs in mathematical, computational finance? These degrees are more marketable than masters degrees in economics.

I know NYU, CMU has programs in mathematical finance.

 

[Shackleford]

I'm not trying to deter you from applying to graduate programs, but you should know what you're getting yourself into.

Economics is not ideological, but methodological. No one's out there to indoctrinate you. The supposed Keynesian vs Austrian debate is merely a figment of the public's imagination about what they think economics is about.

These days the big macroeconomic debates concern New Keynesian sticky price models vs Real Business Cycle Theory models. Austrians aren't really taken seriously in academic circles.

Now in terms of masters programs, I'm sorry to say that there aren't any reputable programs in the United States. The good ones are in Europe (i.e. Toulouse, LSE), but I don't know if you're willing to go overseas.

But given your background, how about masters programs in mathematical, computational finance? These degrees are more marketable than masters degrees in economics.

I know NYU, CMU has programs in mathematical finance.

Well, you say Austrian isn't taken seriously, but you haven't given any reasons why. Tell me the merits or lack thereof. Does it not simply go far enough in seeking to mathematically model activity? I don't need a graph to tell me something about what consumers will or will not do. I need behavioral analysis, logic, reason. Their choices are not constrained to graphs or models. I think I'm asserting that economics is first ideological to the extent that is seeks to understand the behavior and rationale of the consumer in the market. The methodology certainly plays a part, but it should be more descriptive, not prescriptive.

Again, I appreciate everyone's input. Frankly, I'm just now starting to look seriously into economics, so I have much to learn or confirm. I'll look into mathematical finance in a minute.

 

[twofish-quant]

On a different note, my personal economic philosophy tends to the free market/Austrian school of thought. Unfortunately for me, most major universities are Keynesian/neo-classical. I've found where all of the free market/Austrian programs out there, but none is in Texas. I think I may just have to bite the bullet and attend grad school in state that may not teach me the economic thought I'm looking for.

In that case, I think it's a lot better if you read stuff on your own and get a job where you are interacting with the markets so that you see what makes sense.

Also, you need to read people that you *disagree* with. If you are of the opinion, no I will not read Keynes, because I disagree with him, then you are going to be in a bad situation.

Personally, I think Hayek gets some things right, some things wrong, but I base my opinions on what he gets right and wrong on personal experience with markets. If you aren't interacting with the markets on a day to day basis, then I don't see how you are going to get the information to figure out what makes sense and what doesn't.

 

[magicarpet512]

I do not want to spend 5 years on a Ph.D. My university has an M.A. in Applied Economics. Would an applied focus be more marketable to employers?

When I was still an undergrad econ student, I spoke with an econ PhD student about graduate programs in economics. He basically told me that a masters degree in economics wasn't worth the time unless one thinks it is absolutely necessary to have the degree for whatever industry they are working in; i.e. an undergrad econ degree is really sufficient enough.

However given your circumstances, it sounds like you will need a maasters degree to get into the economics industry. I don't know what kind of applied area you are interested in, but I saw that you mentioned something about texas earlier. U of Houston offers a nice applied masters program in energy or healthcare economics, and I believe Texas A&M recently finished restructuring their masters program into a financial economics program.

Another guy I spoke to completed the first two years (core coursework) of a PhD program in economics and went out and got an internship with an econ consulting firm. He decided that he liked the money and the work good enough to drop out of the PhD program and continue his career with the consulting firm.
Wherever you decide to go to grad school, with your math background, I would suggest taking some of the PhD core courses; it would probably help out a lot with obtaining your future career.

 

[Shackleford]

In that case, I think it's a lot better if you read stuff on your own and get a job where you are interacting with the markets so that you see what makes sense.

Also, you need to read people that you *disagree* with. If you are of the opinion, no I will not read Keynes, because I disagree with him, then you are going to be in a bad situation.

Personally, I think Hayek gets some things right, some things wrong, but I base my opinions on what he gets right and wrong on personal experience with markets. If you aren't interacting with the markets on a day to day basis, then I don't see how you are going to get the information to figure out what makes sense and what doesn't.

I associate Keynesian economics with government aggrandizement in the market and spending. In my opinion, this is never a good idea. The big, stupid, inefficient, unaccountable government only creates artificiality in and encumbers the market. You want the market, whatever its state, to be as "natural" as possible. I admit I am not familiar with Neo-Keynesian economics. I am not very familiar with Hayek's work. I am only slightly more familiar with Von Mises and the philosophical approach of Austrian. As I mentioned, I really like Milton Friedman's perspective and what he espouses with respect to free markets. Free to Choose. Any thoughts on him?

 

[twofish-quant]

Just because it is not mainstream does not make the Austrian thought incorrect. Using propositional logic to deduce economic theory based on human action seems the most rational to me.

Except that it doesn't work. Much of the problem is that you have to oversimplify human behavior to do that. Also using pure deductive reasoning doesn't get you very far. In a lot of situations it works better to move the other way, observe markets and then figure out human actors.

If you simply want to measure economic activity, that's a different story. And, it seems most graduate programs have that as a goal using mathematical models.

There is a reason for that, which is oddly economic. Graduate schools respond to market signals, and there is a huge demand for people on Wall Street for people to do portfolio management and econometric analysis.

It's what I call the second Einstein versus janitor problem. You don't need that many economic philosophers. Once von Mises, Hayek, Keynes, or Friedman writes their magum opus, you don't need another one. So the marginal utility of a second Einstein is very low.

By contrast, janitors have much higher marginal utility than Einsteins. Once you have one brilliant Einstein, you don't need another one. However, it doesn't matter how brilliant a janitor you are, you can't clean more than one toilet bowl at the same time. So if you have two toilets, you need two janitors.

It turns out that there is a ton of work that involves the economic equivalent of toilet bowl cleaning, and graduate schools are geared to churning out people that can do that.

I do not want to spend 5 years on a Ph.D. My university has an M.A. in Applied Economics. Would an applied focus be more marketable to employers?

Hell yes. But then you end up cleaning toilets for a living.

One reason that I think that Austrians are odd is that a lot of them don't have much market exposure so the more recent ones come up with very odd ideas that are so far from reality that no one takes it seriously.

 

[Shackleford]

When I was still an undergrad econ student, I spoke with an econ PhD student about graduate programs in economics. He basically told me that a masters degree in economics wasn't worth the time unless one thinks it is absolutely necessary to have the degree for whatever industry they are working in; i.e. an undergrad econ degree is really sufficient enough.

However given your circumstances, it sounds like you will need a maasters degree to get into the economics industry. I don't know what kind of applied area you are interested in, but I saw that you mentioned something about texas earlier. U of Houston offers a nice applied masters program in energy or healthcare economics, and I believe Texas A&M recently finished restructuring their masters program into a financial economics program.

Another guy I spoke to completed the first two years (core coursework) of a PhD program in economics and went out and got an internship with an econ consulting firm. He decided that he liked the money and the work good enough to drop out of the PhD program and continue his career with the consulting firm.
Wherever you decide to go to grad school, with your math background, I would suggest taking some of the PhD core courses; it would probably help out a lot with obtaining your future career.

Well, I'm actually at U of H. I just recently started looking into their Applied Economics program. I wasn't sure exactly how good their programs are. I'm glad you have favorable remarks on it. It looks interesting and like it has a bit of usefulness in industry. The energy and health care aspects would certainly come in handy in the Houston area.

http://www.class.uh.edu/econ/grad/master.php

What exactly does consulting entail? Given personal interests, I would like to recommend sound economic policy, but I guess that would necessitate a Ph.D.

 

[twofish-quant]

I suppose I should instead look at the vast success of Keynesian economics.

Things change over time, and new data comes in. China went wildly Keynesian in response in 2007, and right now my best guess is that by 2020 it will be rather obvious that that was the right choice, at which point we end up with another crisis in which Keynesianism doesn't work.

Keynesian economics didn't work in 1980, which is why people went monetarist. Right now, I'm looking very closely at the institutional school of the 1920's, with people like Veblen and Ayers. The thing about institutionalism is that it wasn't useful in the 1930's, but it seems to be useful now. I've also been reading a lot of Marx and Gramasci.

My philosophy goes very heavily toward economic history as a "meta-theory."

To understand economics, you consider the consumer, the market, and the effect of government on the exchanges in the market.

Except that you'll find if you do work on Wall Street you'll find that this is much, much too abstract.

There isn't a "consumer". There are seven billion different consumers. There isn't a government. There are about 200 different national governments, many, many local governments, different factions within different governments. There isn't a market, there are thousands of different markets with different characteristics.

The good news is that lots of complexity means lots of jobs. I know someone that has spent a good part of their time thinking about how lunch rules affects the price of stocks through the day, and how to make money off of it. It turns out that market A behaves very differently than market B because the exchange has different rules from when brokers can eat lunch.

Economics graduate school comes in because if you want to describe exactly how lunch rules affects market A and market B, and you want to come up with a trading strategy to take advantage of this, then you have to crunch a ton of numbers using the statistics techniques that they teach you in graduate school.

I think that's cool. YMMV.

At this point, I'm trying to determine a goal. It could be to simply have economics as a hobby. I have yet to figure that out.

For me it's more than a hobby. Real lots of books. Figure out how the labor market for Ph.D. theoretical astrophysicists works or can work. Profit.

 

[Shackleford]

Then it seems pure economic philosophy is probably just a footnote or anecdote in modern economics. Modern economics is just applied mathematics. Would this be a fair characterization? Given the myriad of markets, consumers, and so forth, the mathematical techniques are used to describe economic activity and take advantage of it to maximize profit and so forth. Would economic philosophy and first principles be more suitable for developing sound economic policy? Or political economics?

 

[twofish-quant]

I associate Keynesian economics with government aggrandizement in the market and spending. In my opinion, this is never a good idea.

Since the government saved my rear end and yours, I'm all for big government. Now if you hate big government for the sake of big government, and you can convince me that you have a better mechanism to organize an economy, then I'll listen to you, but first it helps if you listen to me to have me explain why I'm a fan of big, intrusive government, and massive regulation.

The big, stupid, inefficient, unaccountable government only creates artificiality in and encumbers the market. You want the market, whatever its state, to be as "natural" as possible.

I sure as hell don't. Based on what I've seen first hand, I don't think that you can have financial markets without *massive* state intervention. We can argue about the type of intervention.

Part of the reason that it might be a good idea for you to just get a job in finance is that you can get experience so that you can be more effective at arguing against me.

There's also a lobbying issue. Maybe we can't ever agree, at which point the determining factor in who wins the argument is going to be who can lobby the political system to implement their policies.

As I mentioned, I really like Milton Friedman's perspective and what he espouses with respect to free markets. Free to Choose. Any thoughts on him?

Very, very important historically because he resolved a lot of the economic issues of the 1970's.

I'm a great admirer of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan, because they came up with good solution to the problems of the 1970's. However it's 2011, and the solutions of 1980 are the problems of 2008, and whatever we come up with now is going to cause problems in 2025.

Also Reagan was one of the most Keynesian Presidents in recent times. If you look at the timeline, a lot of the deregulation happened under Carter, whereas Reagan caused massive government deficits and increased defense spending massively.

 

[magicarpet512]

What exactly does consulting entail? Given personal interests, I would like to recommend sound economic policy, but I guess that would necessitate a Ph.D.

I had a couple of professors who ran their own consulting firms. They mostly did consulting for firms involved in antitrust litigation. They would do things like analyze the effects of competition between firms, estimate the magnitude of economic damages a firm may have imposed on another. One professor did a lot of consulting with companies in the pharmaceutical industry, the other professor did a lot of consulting with oil companies.
Other consultants work closely with government entities doing things like cost benefit analysis. I know of one who has been consulting with lawmakers on social security and medicare reform.
One of the professors I had told me that he did some work for DeBeers (the diamond mining company.) They paid for all of his expenses for a 1st class flight to London, 5 star hotel, meals, all kinds of good stuff for three weeks while they were involved in some kind of big lawsuit. That kind of stuff sounds pretty enticing.

When consulting firms hire young people, they look for people with good math/statistics backgrounds to work on their projects.

 

[twofish-quant]

What exactly does consulting entail? Given personal interests, I would like to recommend sound economic policy, but I guess that would necessitate a Ph.D.

Actually it doesn't. Academic economists aren't in very high regard. I think you would have more impact on public policy if you start your own business, and learn the mechanics of lobbying politicians.

The other thing that you'll find is that if you don't like massive bureaucratic institutions and like markets, you have to stay away from academia.

First of all, academia is about as far away from a market as you can get. Second, if you think that big government is the problem, then you have to deal with the fact that academia is largely funded either directly or indirectly from governments. Trying to be an "academic Austrian" not only opens you to charges of hypocrisy, but if you hang around people that are used to "big government" you get brainwashed by their ideas.

For example, if you start screaming "Wall Street bail outs are evil" then you'll suddenly find major investment banks start wondering why they should hire your students and funding chairs. If you've spend the last decade idolizing Wall Street, then you really do have a problem since you can't argue that this is a "bad thing."

You do know about the Von Mises Institute (http://www.mises.org/)?

 

[Shackleford]

Since the government saved my rear end and yours, I'm all for big government. Now if you hate big government for the sake of big government, and you can convince me that you have a better mechanism to organize an economy, then I'll listen to you, but first it helps if you listen to me to have me explain why I'm a fan of big, intrusive government, and massive regulation.



I sure as hell don't. Based on what I've seen first hand, I don't think that you can have financial markets without *massive* state intervention. We can argue about the type of intervention.

Part of the reason that it might be a good idea for you to just get a job in finance is that you can get experience so that you can be more effective at arguing against me.

There's also a lobbying issue. Maybe we can't ever agree, at which point the determining factor in who wins the argument is going to be who can lobby the political system to implement their policies.



Very, very important historically because he resolved a lot of the economic issues of the 1970's.

I'm a great admirer of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan, because they came up with good solution to the problems of the 1970's. However it's 2011, and the solutions of 1980 are the problems of 2008, and whatever we come up with now is going to cause problems in 2025.

Also Reagan was one of the most Keynesian Presidents in recent times. If you look at the timeline, a lot of the deregulation happened under Carter, whereas Reagan caused massive government deficits and increased defense spending massively.

Government is necessary to formulate and enforce laws that proscribe people from infringing upon my rights. My freedom and liberty contribute to the market and economic activity. This is how wealth is created. If there is anarchy, no law and order, there is very little economic activity. Why do you think Africa is such an indigent place? I'm all for the essential functions of government, but taxation is only appropriate to the extent that it funds the essential functions of government. It is my money, correct? Let's not confuse scope with function. Of course, you need a "big" government for defense. But defense is the primary essential function of the federal government.

Are you talking abot massive regulation of the avaricious manipulation of financial markets, securitization of mortgages, etc.? The Founding Fathers believed it was the duty of the federal government to balance the special interests in the country. You can easily make the argument that a few special interests have exerted disproportionate control for many decades.

Reagan also eliminated the price controls and reduced tax rates. What happens when I keep more of my own money? Keeping more of my own money is also superior in principle. Was not the defense spending by Reagan designed to precipitate the economic collapse of the Soviet Union? Still, I'm not a fan of deficit spending and the huge inrease to the national debt. In spite of all that, the country continued to prosper.

 

[ParticleGrl]

Would economic philosophy and first principles be more suitable for developing sound economic policy? Or political economics?

Economic philosophy from first principles, divorced from some empiricism is pretty much useless for anything but academic conjecture. To develop economic policy in the real world, you have to study the real world- which requires both mathematical modeling and sophisticated methods to handle data.

 

[twofish-quant]

I had a couple of professors who ran their own consulting firms. They mostly did consulting for firms involved in antitrust litigation. They would do things like analyze the effects of competition between firms, estimate the magnitude of economic damages a firm may have imposed on another. One professor did a lot of consulting with companies in the pharmaceutical industry, the other professor did a lot of consulting with oil companies.

Lots of money here. The problem is that you are going to have to "sell out". You can make a lot of money writing reports on how companies should act within the system, but you aren't going to get contracts if you start writing reports questioning the system itself.

Now since I don't have any moral objections against big government, this isn't an issue for me, but if you do, then you have to think carefully before putting on the golden handcuffs.

For me it's great because since I've funded by industry, I can say nasty things about academia and not get into trouble. It would work will if things worked the other way and people in academia could say nasty things about industry and keep quiet about academia. But one thing that worries me is that academia has become too captured by industry to do that.

Other consultants work closely with government entities doing things like cost benefit analysis. I know of one who has been consulting with lawmakers on social security and medicare reform.

Same issues with drinking the kool-aid.

They paid for all of his expenses for a 1st class flight to London, 5 star hotel, meals, all kinds of good stuff for three weeks while they were involved in some kind of big lawsuit. That kind of stuff sounds pretty enticing.

But you can get into trouble if don't keep your head on straight. The problem is not that someone will pay you large sums of money to lie and say that they look beautiful, the problem is that if someone pays you large sums of money, then they really *will* look beautiful to you.

When consulting firms hire young people, they look for people with good math/statistics backgrounds to work on their projects.

They also look for people that will take orders and not rock the boat too much. Also they like people from big name universities, not so much because they are better, but because its a branding issue.

 

[Shackleford]

Actually it doesn't. Academic economists aren't in very high regard. I think you would have more impact on public policy if you start your own business, and learn the mechanics of lobbying politicians.

The other thing that you'll find is that if you don't like massive bureaucratic institutions and like markets, you have to stay away from academia.

First of all, academia is about as far away from a market as you can get. Second, if you think that big government is the problem, then you have to deal with the fact that academia is largely funded either directly or indirectly from governments. Trying to be an "academic Austrian" not only opens you to charges of hypocrisy, but if you hang around people that are used to "big government" you get brainwashed by their ideas.

For example, if you start screaming "Wall Street bail outs are evil" then you'll suddenly find major investment banks start wondering why they should hire your students and funding chairs. If you've spend the last decade idolizing Wall Street, then you really do have a problem since you can't argue that this is a "bad thing."

You do know about the Von Mises Institute (http://www.mises.org/)?

I don't have any plans for academia. I look at education as a voluntary privilege provided by society. I have no more a right to education with other people's money than vice versa. However, compulsory education funded by state and federal dollars is the way of life right now. Practically, I support efficient use of tax payer dollars in education, and throwing more money at education never fixes anything. I like the idea of vouchers creating more choice and competition in education.

The bail outs were theft in my opinion. No institution should be bailed out by tax payer dollars because of its failure in the market. Again, that simply creates artificiality in the market. It's not "natural." There is no correction. When a company goes bankrupt, it reorganizes, or it doesn't and the ownership changes.

I've posted a little on the forum asking about Austrian programs. It seems practically I'm free market but academically I like the early Austrian thought, I guess.

From watching a lot of Friedman's interviews and discussions online, it seems he always answered from a principle. For example:

 

[twofish-quant]

Government is necessary to formulate and enforce laws that proscribe people from infringing upon my rights. My freedom and liberty contribute to the market and economic activity. This is how wealth is created. If there is anarchy, no law and order, there is very little economic activity. Why do you think Africa is such an indigent place? I'm all for the essential functions of government, but taxation is only appropriate to the extent that it funds the essential functions of government.

So you say. I don't agree. If you have quasi-religious reasons for hating big government, that's fine, and we can work things around that. If your reasons for hating big government is that big government can't generate economic prosperity, then that's another issue.

Also, it's a good thing to be exposed to people that have different views. The other thing is that views change based on external circumstances. People were all supportive of Soviet style central planning in the 1950's because it seemed to be working then. Once it started stalling in the 1970's, then monetarism became the rage.

I don't like to spend too much time arguing about this because you can seek truth from facts. China has gone massively Keynesian, and the US/UK has gone largely anti-Keynesian. We could spend the next five years arguing, but the decisions have been made, and we'll see what happens.

My working assumption (i.e. what I'm putting my personal money on) is that Keynesian is going to win the argument.

It is my money, correct?

It's really not. One thing that you have to realize is that someone else is currently using the money in your bank account, and for this to work, you have to have someone (like the government) guarantee that you will get the money back even if the person that is using your money is an idiot.

For that matter, the money you think is yours probably originated with some peasant in China.

Of course, you need a "big" government for defense. But defense is the primary essential function of the federal government.

One reason that it's a good idea to have people with different ideas around you is that you stop saying "of course."

Are you talking abot massive regulation of the avaricious manipulation of financial markets, securitization of mortgages, etc.? The Founding Fathers believed it was the duty of the federal government to balance the special interests in the country. You can easily make the argument that a few special interests have exerted disproportionate control for many decades.

1) So what? The Founding Fathers believed in slavery.

2) Yes, you can make the argument that a few special interests have exerted disproportionate control for many decades, but if you go to economics graduate school, you have to realize that you are going to end up helping them maintain that control. Now since I don't have a problem with special interests, I don't have a problem with this.

Reagan also eliminated the price controls and reduced tax rates

Most of the deregulation happened under Carter. Reagan did reduce tax rates, but he didn't reduce government spending, which forced Bush I to roll back some of those rates.

In any event, that's 1980.

What happens when I keep more of my own money? Keeping more of my own money is also superior in principle.

Something that you realize once you are in banking is that it's not your money. You have that money in a bank, and if the government doesn't guarantee that you get your money back, it just disappears.

Since you are the curious sort, you might want to figure out what happens when you put the card in the ATM.

Was not the defense spending by Reagan designed to precipitate the economic collapse of the Soviet Union? Still, I'm not a fan of deficit spending and the huge inrease to the national debt. In spite of all that, the country continued to prosper.

My view is that the country did well in the 1980's *because* of defense spending and massive deficits (i.e. like Keynes said it would). One of the things that defense spending did was put lots of money into science which really paid off in the 1990's.

 

[twofish-quant]

I look at education as a voluntary privilege provided by society. I have no more a right to education with other people's money than vice versa.

Well I see things differently. :-) :-)

Also this things with other people's money. I suppose one reason that your economic philosophy doesn't work for me is that I'm aware how much my of wealth is based on other people's money.

Practically, I support efficient use of tax payer dollars in education, and throwing more money at education never fixes anything.

Throwing money at things can fix stuff.

The bail outs were theft in my opinion. No institution should be bailed out by tax payer dollars because of its failure in the market. Again, that simply creates artificiality in the market. It's not "natural." There is no correction. When a company goes bankrupt, it reorganizes, or it doesn't and the ownership changes.

The problem is that you were the one that was bailed out. You put your money in the bank either directly or indirectly. If the bank goes under, you lose all of your money. It ceases to exist. That's what almost happened. The only reason that it didn't was that the government printed massive amounts of money to stabilize the markets.

So the government bailed *YOU* out. And it was a damned good thing.

Personally, I don't think that natural markets exist. Markets are extremely artificial creatures and at large scales require massive government intervention to exist. You might argue that I've been brainwashed into thinking so, and I plead guilty to that.

Also, that's the standard story. It may be wrong. The problem with Austrians right now is that they haven't come up with a convincing alternative explanation of what happened. The explanations that people have come up with are *so* out of touch with of the experience of the people that make the decisions that they aren't being taken seriously at all.

Maybe you can come up with something better. The problem is money, and this is where the "it's my money so I can do what I want" theory breaks down. You can say that governments are evil, so at that point you can expect no money from the government.

Fine, go private. But if at that point you say that private institutions are evil (i.e. because they have lots of government bailouts), then they aren't going to fund you, at which point, where are you going to get your money from?

At that point if you had a different philosophy, you could argue "unfairness", that the government and private institutions are being evil by not giving you money, but this is inconsistent with your philosophy.

You have a problem.

Now I'm telling you this because I'm really interested to see how you can figure out how to solve this problem. But to get back to your original question, what I think you will find out is that the economics graduate schools that exist will force you to "sell out" to the system you seem to hate, and those that are close to your philosophy are small, because they can't get money from the system.

And the reason I'm interested in that, is that I'm ultimately interested in getting at the truth, and if the truth happens to be closer to what you think than what I think they there is no way in hell I'll be able to get there because I've already put on the handcuffs.