Dimensional physical constants have specific units associated with them, such as mass or length, while dimensionless physical constants are pure numbers without units, often arising from ratios. In introductory physics, examples of dimensionless constants are rare, primarily limited to ratios. The discussion highlights the importance of context when distinguishing between these types of constants, as many constants in physics are dimensional. The conversation also suggests that some constants, like π or e, could be considered dimensionless. Understanding these differences is crucial for grasping fundamental physics concepts.