Energy Levels of Holes Explained

[Karthikeyan]

Hi all,
When we add 'B' impurities to 'Si', we get some discrete energy levels above the valence band (Energy level of holes!). I believe that the electrons from Si and B which are participating in the bond formation have different energy levels {Different orbits}. Correct me if I'm wrong. Still, How the energy levels are created above the Valence band? Please some one help me in understanding this.

Thanks...
Karthikeyan.K

 

[Dr Transport]

Impurity atoms may have states in the band gap of a semiconductor. It they didn't we would not have many of the electronic devices we use today.

 

[Gokul43201]

I think the question is why the impurity states, more often than not, reside in the gap.

I remember having to do an estimate in a Solid State Physics class of the "typical" energy difference between say, the donor and conduction levels with a group V donor (assuming low enough doping that donor atoms didn't "see" each other, which is typically the case), treating the extra electron of the donor atom as the electron in a Bohr atom in a background with the macroscopic dielectric constant of the semiconductor, and with the effective mass typical of that semiconductor.

The contribution from the effective mass and dielectric goes like m^*/m_0\epsilon_r^2 . These two contributions reduce the ground state energy of the "extra electron" by roughly 2 to 4 orders of magnitude (in Si, the dielectric constant is about 12 but the electron effective mass is close to the rest mass in vacuum; other semiconductors have much smaller effective masses) smaller than the H-atom ground state energy of -13.6eV. Typical bandgaps are a couple eV, so a level at about -10meV is going to lie just below the conduction band edge (i.e., it only takes about 10 meV to loosen the extra electron from its weak binding to the donor atom).

PS: This above description was for a donor impurity. A similar calculation can be done for an acceptor, using the hole effective mass instead of the electron effective mass. In Si, since the hole effective mass is about half the electron effective mass, I wouldn't be surprised if acceptor levels (from say Al, Ga) were closer to the band edge than corresponding donor levels (P, As respectively). I haven't looked up the numbers, so I'm not sure if this is true...but already we're stretching the predictive capability of a very simplistic model.