Exp(i k.r) ~ A travelling wave ?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the representation of wavefunctions for free electrons in solids, specifically the expression exp(i k.r) and its relation to traveling and standing waves. Participants explore the necessity of including a time-dependent term in the wavefunction and the implications of different interpretations of the variable r.

Discussion Character

  • Technical explanation
  • Conceptual clarification
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions whether the expression exp(i k.r) can be considered a traveling wave without a time-dependent term, suggesting that a term like exp(i (k.r - wt)) is necessary.
  • Another participant states that r can be expressed as r(x, y, z, t), but questions the validity of this in the context of traveling and standing waves.
  • A participant cites a book that claims exp(+i k.r) and exp(-i k.r) represent traveling waves, while their superposition results in a standing wave, challenging the interpretation of r.
  • One participant notes that in quantum mechanics, the time factor is often omitted for convenience, but emphasizes that it should be included for a complete understanding.
  • Another participant expresses frustration with a textbook for lacking explanations and omitting steps in derivations, indicating a need for clearer guidance.
  • A participant agrees with another's clarification regarding the conventional definition of r, suggesting that their previous answer required an unconventional interpretation.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on whether exp(i k.r) can be classified as a traveling wave without a time component. There is no consensus on the necessity of including time in the wavefunction or the interpretation of r.

Contextual Notes

Some participants highlight that the omission of the time factor in certain texts may lead to confusion, and there are unresolved questions regarding the definitions and implications of r in the context of wavefunctions.

mtrl
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exp(i k.r) ~ A traveling wave ??

I am studying electrons in solids and the wavefunctions of free electrons, which have the form exp(i k.r), are said to be representing traveling waves. Isn't there supposed to be a term involving time in the exponential such as exp (i (k.r -wt)) so that it is a traveling wave?
If exp(i k.r) does not represent a standing wave, then what represents a standing wave?
 
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r = r(x, y, z, t)
 


There is a further explanation in the book which i think makes r=r(x,y,z,t) an invalid answer.

The book says that exp(+i k.r) and exp(-i k.r) are traveling waves. And a superposition of these two functions, exp(+i k.r) + exp(-i k.r) = 2 cos(k.r) is a standing wave. If r=r(x,y,z,t), then the superposition is a traveling wave too, isn't it?
 


mtrl said:
I am studying electrons in solids and the wavefunctions of free electrons, which have the form exp(i k.r), are said to be representing traveling waves. Isn't there supposed to be a term involving time in the exponential such as exp (i (k.r -wt)) so that it is a traveling wave?
If exp(i k.r) does not represent a standing wave, then what represents a standing wave?

As a general observation, in some books the time factor is left out for convenience but the complete form is assumed to be as you show above.

In quantum mechanics, if you plug in the complete (time included) solution in Schrödinger equation, the temporal part can be separated and then you only look at the time independent Schrödinger equation. The solutions of this last one have only position dependence but in the end you should (if necessary) add the time factor.
 


Thank you nasu. I have understood it now.
The book on solid state physics by Kittel is really driving me mad. There are almost no explanations during formula derivations and lots of steps are omitted.
 


nasu's answer is better. Indeed, r usually doesn't include the time coordinate. My answer needs an unconventional definition for r.
 


mtrl said:
Thank you nasu. I have understood it now.
The book on solid state physics by Kittel is really driving me mad. There are almost no explanations during formula derivations and lots of steps are omitted.

I agree with you. It's a good reference if you already know the stuff but not the best introduction.
 

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