# Expectation value , a few questions

1. Oct 26, 2011

### fluidistic

"Expectation value", a few questions

I've read that in quantum mechanics we use the term "expectation value" for example for the energy of a system. Despite its name, the expectation value of the energy of for instance the quantum harmonic oscillator is not the most probable measured energy of the particle under such a potential. It is the mean value. And in the case of the harmonic oscillator, the mean value can be an energy that isn't allowed for the particle under the potential.
So what does it really -physically- mean? Is it just a mean? If so, why is it important? Why aren't we dealing with the "most probable" value(s), in quantum mechanics?
I don't understand why would the average of thousands of measures be important, especially when this average doesn't represent anything possible (like in the quantum harmonic oscillator).
And by the way, why is it called the "expectation value" rather than "mean value" or "average value"?

2. Oct 27, 2011

### Matterwave

Re: "Expectation value", a few questions

I don't believe the expectation value can be in the forbidden region. That should be prohibited by the Correspondence principle which says that expectation values evolve like their classical counterparts.

The term expectation value is very similar to the terms mean value or average value, but mean and average may make some people think of time-averaging (e.g. like the RMS of the current in some AC system or something like). I think you call it expectation value because of the probabilistic nature of QM rather than confuse it with time-averaging of a deterministic system. I don't know the exact historical reasons; however.

The expectation value IS important because, like you said, it's the mean value if you took an average of a large ensemble. The "most probable" value(s) would be the modes of the distribution. Usually you care about both values, but with a slight emphasis on the average.

3. Oct 27, 2011

### CompuChip

Re: "Expectation value", a few questions

Actually the word "expectation value" is not specific to QM, it's just a term that they borrowed from general probability theory. If you consider a fair die, for example, then the expectation value is 3.5 - which is impossible to get in a single throw :-)

There is a bit of history on the origin of expectation values here

By the way, Matterwave, wouldn't the potential
$$V(x) = \begin{cases} 0 & 2a < |x| < a \\ \infty & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}$$
give <x> = 0 due to its symmetry?

4. Oct 27, 2011

### Matterwave

Re: "Expectation value", a few questions

It seems that you are right. Although, one could never actually detect the particle in the forbidden region, due to symmetry, it would appear that the expectation value must be there.

5. Oct 27, 2011

### Fredrik

Staff Emeritus
Re: "Expectation value", a few questions

As CompuChip told you, this terminology is used in (classical) probability theory too.

Because most of the predictions of QM are assignments of probabilities to statements of the form "if we use measuring device A on the object S, the result will be in the set E". The only way to test the accuracy of such predictions is to perform lots of measurements on identically prepared systems, calculate the average result and compare it to the expectation value.

Something like "expected mean value" would make sense, but "mean value" and "average value" refer to something that's calculated from data obtained in the past. When someone says that the expectation value is E, that can be a statement about an experiment that hasn't been performed yet.

6. Oct 27, 2011

### PatrickPowers

Re: "Expectation value", a few questions

It is a mundane matter of terminology. For some reason "expected value" is the same as "mean value," even if the value is impossible. Don't ask me why.

7. Oct 27, 2011

### Demystifier

Re: "Expectation value", a few questions

Of course it can. Take for example harmonic oscillator in the superposition
|0> + |1>
The "expected" value of energy (measured from the ground state in units hbar omega) is (0+1)/2=1/2, but if you measure energy you will get either 0 or 1, never 1/2.

8. Oct 27, 2011

### ZealScience

Re: "Expectation value", a few questions

I think its expression is better for understanding. Expectation <Q>=<ψ|Q|ψ>=Ʃpλ, which is exactly the same as that in statistics. To my perspective, since there is no such thing as probability wave in classical physics, expectation is the best approximation which can be reduced to classical mechanics.

9. Oct 27, 2011

### ZealScience

Re: "Expectation value", a few questions

Admittedly, expectation is not necessarily expected. It's just arithmetical mean. Just like in statistics you can always get expectation like 3.5 persons per family, which is obviously not expected.

But when you come to a classical case, I think the variance of the distribution of certain observable of any macroscopic quantity is too small. When it is that small almost all the observables lies extremely close to the expectation.

10. Oct 27, 2011

### Matterwave

Re: "Expectation value", a few questions

I believe Compuchip already proved me wrong.

Do you want me to apologize or what?

11. Oct 27, 2011

### dextercioby

Re: "Expectation value", a few questions

I think <expectation value> is just a misleading name given to what actually is the <average of an observable on an ensemble>.

12. Oct 27, 2011

### CompuChip

Re: "Expectation value", a few questions

You were forgiven from the start, don't know why people keep rubbing it in :-)

But actually I wanted to point out that the points are slightly different.

My QM example just showed that the expectation value may be in the classically prohibited region, although x = 0 was still an "allowed" value (to be more precise: an eigenvalue of the position operator). If you measure the position, you could very well find x = 0. So even though according to Newton x = 0 is not allowed, it is a perfectly normal number if you use the QM model instead of the classical model of physics.

Demystifier's example shows a system where the expectation value is not even an "allowed" value: whenever you measure the energy you will find 0 or 1 (in proper units ). You can never find 1/2, not even in theory.

The latter is more analogous to the example I gave of 3.5 dots on a die, or the statistical average of 1.4 children per family that was mentioned later. The first one is more analogous to having an expectation value of 180 children in a family, which is actually an "allowed" outcome according to our intuition about integer vs fractional numbers of people (it's just not feasible according to our "classical" model of society; which doesn't mean that if you use the Martian model instead of the earth model, that 180 cannot be a perfectly good outcome).