Explaination of Surface tension of water

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SUMMARY

The discussion focuses on the surface tension of water, emphasizing the roles of cohesive and adhesive forces. Cohesive forces arise from the electrostatic attractions between water molecules, where molecules in the bulk are surrounded in all directions, while surface molecules experience unbalanced forces, leading to higher energy and increased evaporation rates. The discussion references the Euler-Lagrange principle, explaining that to reduce internal pressure, the surface tension causes the water surface to adopt a more curved shape, thereby minimizing surface area.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of cohesive and adhesive forces in liquids
  • Familiarity with electrostatic forces between molecules
  • Basic knowledge of thermodynamics and energy states
  • Awareness of mathematical principles such as Euler-Lagrange equations
NEXT STEPS
  • Research the principles of cohesive and adhesive forces in detail
  • Study the electrostatic interactions in molecular chemistry
  • Explore thermodynamic concepts related to surface tension and evaporation
  • Learn about the Euler-Lagrange equation and its applications in physics
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Students and professionals in chemistry, physics, and engineering, particularly those interested in fluid dynamics and molecular interactions.

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Please read it , and tell whether it is correct. No explanation also okay. Thanks


Surface tension of water.
 Cohesive and adhesive forces
 Cohesive force is the forces between water molecules.
 Molecule in the bulk liquid is attracted by other molecules in all direction due to the electrostatic forces between negative polarity of oxygen in one water molecule and the positive polarity of hydrogen from the other water molecules.
 Molecules from the surface film of water do not have other molecules surrounded in all direction. So these molecules are not pulled or tied in all direction has higher energy ( I think that is why molecules from water surface easy evaporate).
 Molecules from the surface tension will be attracted by others beside them and molecules from bulk water. The internal pressure / potential energy of the molecules will be higher when they get closer.
 According to Euler-Lagrange, in order to decrease the higher internal pressure of the molecules from surface film. The surface become more curvature. The surface area of the surface film decrease.
 
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