How Do We Calculate the Number of Atoms in the Universe?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers on how to calculate the number of atoms in the universe, particularly following the Big Bang. It explores theoretical aspects, observational data, and the implications of an infinite universe.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory, Technical explanation, Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants question how to calculate the number of atoms at the start of the universe after the Big Bang.
  • One participant suggests that the universe may be infinite, potentially containing an infinite number of atoms.
  • Another participant notes that atoms could not form until the recombination epoch, approximately 380,000 years after the Big Bang, and references the expected proportion of light elements from nucleosynthesis.
  • A participant rephrases the original question to inquire about estimating the Eddington number, suggesting it as a reasonable effort.
  • One participant mentions that the observed intensity of the microwave background radiation can be used to approximate the number density of hydrogen atoms.
  • There is a challenge regarding the distinction between number density and total number of atoms, with a reference to an average density of 0.25 atoms/m³ in the observable universe.
  • Another participant emphasizes that the question pertains to the total number of atoms, which is complicated by the possibility of an infinite universe.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the feasibility of calculating the total number of atoms, with some suggesting that the infinite nature of the universe complicates this calculation. There is no consensus on a definitive method or answer.

Contextual Notes

The discussion highlights limitations in defining terms such as "number" versus "number density," and the implications of an infinite universe on such calculations remain unresolved.

zaman786
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TL;DR
how do we calculated the number of atoms at the start , after big bang?
hi, how do we calculated the number of atoms at the start of universe i.e, after big bang?
 
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In what part of the universe? To the best of our knowledge it is highly possible that the universe is infinite in extent and therefore contains an infinite amount of atoms.
 
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zaman786 said:
TL;DR Summary: how do we calculated the number of atoms at the start , after big bang?

hi, how do we calculated the number of atoms at the start of universe i.e, after big bang?
Technically, atoms couldn't form and remain stable until the recombination epoch, about 380,000 years after the Big Bang. Some of the best evidence for the Big Bang theory itself, comes from the analysis of the expected proportion of light elements during this initial phase of nucleosynthesis.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology)
 
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I think the OP asks a good question, which I will gently re-phrase:

How can one estimate/calculate the Eddington number? Is this a reasonable effort?
 
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From the observed intensity of the microwave background radiation, you can approximate the number density of hydrogen atoms that produced it...
 
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Are you sure?
 
Vanadium 50 said:
Are you sure?
Wikipedia says 0.25 per cubic meter in the observable universe.
In the observable universe, atoms have an average density of 0.25 atoms/m³. According to the Big Bang model (Lambda-CDM model), they make up around 4.9 percent of the total energy density. The remaining 95.1 percent, whose nature is still largely unclear, is composed of about 27 percent dark matter and 68 percent dark energy, as well as small contributions from neutrinos and electromagnetic radiation.
Their references are
https://physicsworld.com/a/planck-reveals-almost-perfect-universe/
https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0406095
 
I got it - number density, not number. The question was number, not density, and as mentioned, number is problematic as the universe may be infinite.
 

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