How does a stop-start-stop car conserve momentum?

[stephenn]

Question about momentum...
If I am to consider these three points as true:
1. A stationary car has NO momentum
2. A moving car HAS momentum
3. As momentum is a conserved property...

So I am wondering where the momentum is conserved when
A. The car goes from say 0 to 60 mph ... from none to some p
B. The car goes from 60 to 0 mph ... from some to none p

Does the car dial in momentum to itself through two drive wheels via the road attached to the planet... ie from the planet
And visa versa on slowing down ie dial it back out from four braking wheels into the road attached to the planet... ie into the planet

any thoughts on this one would be most appreciated

 

[Michael C]

Yes, if the momentum of the car changes then the momentum of something else must change. You're correct in thinking that this "something else" is the planet on which the car is running: when the velocity of the car changes, so does the velocity of the Earth. The car exerts a force on the Earth and the Earth exerts an equal and opposite force on the car, and both car and Earth are accelerated by the respective forces.

If you know the masses of both car and Earth, you can work out how much the velocity of the Earth changes when the car accelerates from 0 to 60 mph.

 

[meldraft]

Conservation of momentum depends on the boundaries of your system, and assumptions.

In your case, the car's momentum (or kinetic energy may help you visualise it better) is slowly being dissipated as heat through the car's brakes and friction with the air and the ground.

Momentum is generally conserved in a system where you assume no losses, thus only conservative forces acting into the system. Real-world phenomena always involve non-conservative forces, such as friction. Btw, the energy provided by the engine into the system also messes things up (non-conservative moment).

 

[Delta Kilo]

the car's momentum (or kinetic energy may help you visualise it better) is slowly being dissipated as heat

Sorry but what you said is just plain wrong. Momentum should not be confused with kinetic energy, these are different things. Momentum IS conserved in presence of friction and other non-conservative forces. It most certainly does NOT dissipate as heat.

Does the car dial in momentum to itself through two drive wheels via the road attached to the planet... ie from the planet

Precisely. The car propels itself forward and at the same time pushes the Earth backward.

Imagine a car on top of a moving platform such as railway flatcar. Driving the car would cause the platform to move the other way so that their combined center of mass would remain stationary (or if it was moving before, contionue moving at the same speed).

 

[meldraft]

Sorry but what you said is just plain wrong. Momentum should not be confused with kinetic energy, these are different things. Momentum IS conserved in presence of friction and other non-conservative forces. It most certainly does NOT dissipate as heat.

$$E_{kinetic}=\frac{momentum^2}{2 mass}$$

One is derived from the other.Quote from an old post:
https://www.physicsforums.com/archive/index.php/t-70566.html

In the case of friction or drag acting against the motion of a body would that be considered as part of the isolated system or an external force not equalling to zero? Would momentum for the body be conserved?
Whether friction is an internal or external force on a system depends on how you define your system. If whatever is creating the friction is not part of your system, then momentum of the system is not conserved. For example: slide a block across a rough floor. If I take the block as my system, then it is not isolated (the floor exerts an external force on the block) and its momentum is not conserved. But, if I include the floor (and the rest of the Earth attached to it) as all being part of one giant system, then the momentum of that system is conserved (at least with respect to the friction between floor and block).
for example a boat at constant velocity is subjected to a drag force due to water resistance
If the boat is your system, then it is not isolated, since the water exerts a force on it. Of course, if the velocity is constant (in which case another force must be acting to cancel the drag; for example: the motor is running or wind is in the sails) then by definition the momentum is constant.

What is usually of interest is what happens when things interact. Let's say two objects collide. If you can ignore outside influences for the brief duration of the collision, then one can say that the total momentum of the system composed of both objects is conserved during the collision. (Since the only forces are those they exert on each other.) This is a very useful physical principle with many applications.
WY

Conservation of momentum depends on the boundaries of your system, and assumptions.

The conservation of momentum holds ONLY in an isolated system. If there are forces dissipating energy, and are not within the boundary of the system, momentum cannot possibly be conserved, except instantaneously. This is most certainly depicted by the flow of energy.

 

[Michael C]

$$E_{kinetic}=\frac{momentum^2}{2 mass}$$

One is derived from the other.

You cannot derive the momentum of a system from its KE only, nor the KE from the momentum only.

As Delta Kilo pointed out, momentum cannot be dissipated as heat. KE, however, can be dissipated as heat.

To go into the OP's example in a bit more detail:

- In the isolated system composed of the car and the Earth, momentum is always conserved. When the car starts, the change in momentum of the car is equal and opposite to the change in momentum of the Earth.
- In this same system, total energy is conserved, but the chemical energy of fuel may be converted into KE, or KE may be lost by being converted into heat. When the car starts, fuel is converted into KE. Practically all this KE goes into the car: the change in KE of the Earth is negligible compared to the change in KE of the car.
- When the car stops, the change in momentum of the car is once more exactly balanced by the change in momentum of the Earth. The car's KE is dissipated at heat and the change in KE of the Earth is again negligible compared to that of the car.