How to calculate vertical velocity

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To calculate vertical velocity for a projectile, use the formula v = -gt + v0, where g is the acceleration due to gravity (-9.8 m/s² in metric or -32.2 ft/s² in English) and v0 is the initial velocity. This equation assumes no air resistance. The vertical velocity decreases over time due to the negative acceleration from gravity. After t seconds, the velocity can be determined by substituting the values into the formula. Understanding this calculation is essential for analyzing projectile motion accurately.
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I need to calculate vertical velocity for a perjectile
 
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Assuming no air resistance, acceleration vertially is -g (-9.8 m/s2 in metric, -32.2 ft/s2 in English) so that after t seconds, the velocity is -gt+ v0 (v0 is the velocity at 0 seconds).
 
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The book claims the answer is that all the magnitudes are the same because "the gravitational force on the penguin is the same". I'm having trouble understanding this. I thought the buoyant force was equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. Weight depends on mass which depends on density. Therefore, due to the differing densities the buoyant force will be different in each case? Is this incorrect?

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