How to Convert Maxwell's Equations into Integral Form

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To convert Maxwell's Equations from differential to integral form, one can utilize vector analysis properties such as divergence and curl. Gauss' Law can be applied to express the electric field in integral form, linking the electric flux to the total charge enclosed. For magnetic fields, Gauss' Law indicates that the magnetic flux is continuous, represented as an integral equating to zero. Stokes' theorem is used for curl equations, transforming Faraday's Law and the Ampere-Maxwell Law into integral forms involving line integrals of the electric and magnetic fields. The integral forms can be more complex than merely reversing the conversion process, often requiring additional mathematical tools.
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Homework Statement


I'd like to know how to convert Maxwell's Equations from Differencial form to Integral form.

Homework Equations


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Gauss' Law
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Gauss' Law for Magnetism
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Faraday's Law
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The Ampere-Maxwell Law

The Attempt at a Solution


Convert using properties of vector analysis (as Divergence and Curl). May I convert them, using the opposite process that I would use to convert the integral form to differential form?
 
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There are a couple of ways to get integral forms of Maxwell's equations. Gauss' law can be applied to the equation ## \nabla \cdot E=\rho/\epsilon_o ## to give ## \int \nabla \cdot E \, d^3x= \int E \cdot \, dA=Q/\epsilon_o ## where ## Q ## is the total charge enclosed, and the flux of the electric field is over the surface of the enclosed volume. An alternative integral form can be written for this equation: ## E(x)=\int \frac{\rho(x')(x-x')}{4 \pi \epsilon_o |x-x'|^3} \, d^3x' ## . This second form is essentially Coulomb's law (inverse square law) for the electric charge distribution ## \rho(x) ##. ## \\ ## Gauss' law can also be employed on the equation ## \nabla \cdot B=0 ##, but usually this one is just used in a qualitative form where the lines of flux for the magnetic field ## B ## are said to be continuous. In integral form, it reads ## \int B \cdot \, dA=0 ##. ## \\ ## ## \\ ## For the curl equations, Stokes theorem (## \int \nabla \times E \cdot \, dA=\oint E \cdot \, ds ##), is usually employed, e.g. Faradays law becomes ##\varepsilon= \oint E \cdot \, ds=-\int (\frac{\partial{B}}{\partial{t}}) \cdot \, dA ##. ## \\ ## For the curl B, in the steady state, again Stokes law is often employed to give ## \oint B \cdot ds=\mu_o I ##. An alternative integral form does exist for this one also in the steady state which is the Biot-Savart Law: ## B(x)=\int \frac{\mu_o J(x') \times (x-x')}{4 \pi |x-x'|^3} \, d^3x' ##. For the non-steady state, I believe the solutions of Maxwell's equations are found by the Lienard-Wiechert method, but that is likely to be beyond the scope of what you are presently doing. ## \\ ## It is worth noting that the integral forms of these, which is sometimes treated in courses in vector calculus, are a little more complicated than simply going from differentiation to integration.
 
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