MHB Integration by Substitution: Solving Integrals with u-Substitution

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The discussion focuses on solving the integral $$\int\frac{3x-1}{\left(3{x}^{2}-2x+1\right)^4} dx$$ using u-substitution. The correct substitution is identified as \( u = 3x^2 - 2x + 1 \), leading to \( du = (6x - 2)dx \) and \( dx = \frac{1}{2(3x-1)}du \). The integral simplifies to $$\int \frac{1}{2u^4}du$$, which results in the final answer of $$\frac{-1}{6(3x^2-2x+1)^3} + C$$. A common mistake noted was miscalculating the factor of \( \frac{1}{2} \) in the substitution process. This highlights the importance of careful algebraic manipulation in integration by substitution.
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$$\int\frac{3x-1}{\left(3{x}^{2}-2x+1\right)^4} dx$$

$$u=\left(3{x}^{2}-2x+1\right) du=6x-2\ dx=2\left(3x-1\right)dx$$

got this far but when I tried to complete the ans was wrong
the correct ans is
$\frac{-1}{6\left(3x^2-2x+1 \right)^3}+C$
 
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karush said:
$$\int\frac{3x-1}{\left(3{x}^{2}-2x+1\right)^4} dx$$

$$u=\left(3{x}^{2}-2x+1\right) du=6x-2\ dx=2\left(3x-1\right)dx$$

got this far but when I tried to complete the ans was wrong
the correct ans is
$\frac{-1}{6\left(3x^2-2x+1 \right)^3}+C$
$$u=3{x}^{2}-2x+1 \Rightarrow du=6x-2\ dx=2\left(3x-1\right)dx \Rightarrow \frac{1}{2}du=\left(3x-1\right)dx$$

$$\int\frac{3x-1}{\left(3{x}^{2}-2x+1\right)^4} dx=\int \frac{1}{2u^4}du=\frac{1}{2} \int u^{-4}du=\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{-3}u^{-3} +C =\frac{-1}{6u^3}+C =\frac{-1}{6\left(3{x}^{2}-2x+1\right)^3}+C$$
 
I see I didn't have the $\frac{1}{2} du $ I had $2du$
 
There are probably loads of proofs of this online, but I do not want to cheat. Here is my attempt: Convexity says that $$f(\lambda a + (1-\lambda)b) \leq \lambda f(a) + (1-\lambda) f(b)$$ $$f(b + \lambda(a-b)) \leq f(b) + \lambda (f(a) - f(b))$$ We know from the intermediate value theorem that there exists a ##c \in (b,a)## such that $$\frac{f(a) - f(b)}{a-b} = f'(c).$$ Hence $$f(b + \lambda(a-b)) \leq f(b) + \lambda (a - b) f'(c))$$ $$\frac{f(b + \lambda(a-b)) - f(b)}{\lambda(a-b)}...

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