Is there a function for d\theta on the circle?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the existence of a differential form on the circle, specifically examining whether the form dθ can be the differential of any function. Participants explore the implications of this form in the context of topology and differential geometry.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants reference Spivak's argument that dθ cannot be the differential of any function, suggesting that if it were, the function would have to be f = θ + constant.
  • One participant notes that the function f(θ) = θ is not single-valued on the circle, which complicates its status as a potential function for dθ.
  • Another participant emphasizes that while closed forms can be locally expressed as the differential of a function, only exact forms can be globally expressed as such, using the Dirac monopole as an example.
  • It is mentioned that the integral of dθ over the circle equals the length of the circle, implying that if dθ were the differential of a function, its integral would be zero, which leads to a contradiction.
  • Participants discuss the discontinuity of the angle function θ, which prevents it from having a derivative everywhere, further complicating the argument regarding dθ.
  • Another point raised is that since θ = 0 and θ = 2π refer to the same point on the circle, a function assigning these values to the same point cannot exist.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express a range of views on the nature of dθ and its relationship to functions on the circle. There is no consensus on whether dθ can be the differential of any function, with multiple competing perspectives presented.

Contextual Notes

Limitations include the dependence on the definitions of closed and exact forms, as well as the implications of topology on the existence of certain functions on the circle.

Lonewolf
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I read a problem a while ago which was to find a differential form on the circle which is not the differential of any function. Being a hapless physicist, this puzzled me for a while. I've found an answer in Spivak's Calculus on Manifolds, but I need a little help in following his reasoning.

He argues that the form d\theta is such a form, and shows that if it is the differential of a function f then f = \theta + constant. I am OK up to this point, but I fail to see how such an f can't exist, like he argues.
 
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The function

f(\theta) = \theta

is not single-valued on the circle.

Note that every closed form can be written as d of something locally; that is, over some finite region of the manifold. But only exact forms can be written as d of something globally. Here is an example on the circle of a form that is closed but not exact.

Another example that you might look up is the Dirac monopole. It can be written as \vec B = \vec \nabla \times \vec A over some region of space, but not globally. There is always a topological defect (the Dirac string) on which \vec A is not defined.
 
Lonewolf said:
I read a problem a while ago which was to find a differential form on the circle which is not the differential of any function. Being a hapless physicist, this puzzled me for a while. I've found an answer in Spivak's Calculus on Manifolds, but I need a little help in following his reasoning.

He argues that the form d\theta is such a form, and shows that if it is the differential of a function f then f = \theta + constant. I am OK up to this point, but I fail to see how such an f can't exist, like he argues.

dtheta is dual to the unit length tangent vector to the circle. It's integral over the circle is therefore the length of the circle. If if were the differential of a function then its integral over the circle would be zero. Spivak's argument is correct but you need to see that the integral of dx on a line segment is just the integral of the 1 form that is dual to the unit tangent vector to the segment.

The angle function ,theta, is discontinuous and so does not have a derivative everywhere. Where it is continuous though, its differential equals dtheta.
 
Lonewolf said:
I read a problem a while ago which was to find a differential form on the circle which is not the differential of any function. Being a hapless physicist, this puzzled me for a while. I've found an answer in Spivak's Calculus on Manifolds, but I need a little help in following his reasoning.

He argues that the form d\theta is such a form, and shows that if it is the differential of a function f then f = \theta + constant. I am OK up to this point, but I fail to see how such an f can't exist, like he argues.
\theta= 0 and \theta= 2\pi refer to the same point on the circle. You cannot have a function that assigns, to the same point 0 and 2\pi (not to mention 2n\pi for every integer n.
 

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