Mass density of radiation in Friedmann equation?

[darkdark10]

$$\frac{1}{R}\frac{{{d^2}R}}{{d{t^2}}} = - \frac{{4\pi G}}{3}\left[ {{\rho _m} + {\rho _{rad}} + {\rho _\Lambda } + \frac{{3({P_m} + {P_{rad}} + {P_\Lambda })}}{{{c^2}}}} \right]$$
In the Friedmann equation, ρ is the mass density.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedmann_equations
They were first derived by Alexander Friedmann in 1922 from Einstein's field equations of gravitation for the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric and a perfect fluid with a given mass density ρ and pressure p.
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ρ and p are the volumetric mass density (and not the volumetric energy density) and the pressure,
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In the case of matter, pressure P=0,
In the case of radiation, pressure P=(1/3)ρc^2,
In the case of cosmological constant, pressure P=-ρc^2.

When we call the energy densities of matter, radiation, and dark energy (ρ_m)c^2, (ρ_rad)c^2, (ρ_lambda)c^2, what form does this take when entering the equation?
$${\rho _m} + \frac{{3{P_m}}}{{{c^2}}} = {\rho _m} + 0 = {\rho _m}$$
$${\rho _\Lambda } + \frac{{3{P_\Lambda }}}{{{c^2}}} = {\rho _\Lambda } + \frac{{3( - {\rho _\Lambda }{c^2})}}{{{c^2}}} = - 2{\rho _\Lambda }$$

In the case of radiation, which one is correct? 2ρ_rad or 1ρ_rad?
$${\rho _{rad}} + \frac{{3{P_{rad}}}}{{{c^2}}} = {\rho _{rad}} + \frac{{3(\frac{1}{3}{\rho _{rad}}{c^2})}}{{{c^2}}} = 2{\rho _{rad}}$$
or
$${\rho _{rad}} + \frac{{3{P_{rad}}}}{{{c^2}}} = 0 + \frac{{3(\frac{1}{3}{\rho _{rad}}{c^2})}}{{{c^2}}} = {\rho _{rad}}$$

 

[PeterDonis]

In the Friedmann equation, ρ is the mass density.

No. It's the energy density in mass density units. "Mass density" doesn't even make sense as a separate concept for radiation.

When we call the energy densities of matter, radiation, and dark energy (ρ_m)c^2, (ρ_rad)c^2, (ρ_lambda)c^2, what form does this take when entering the equation?

What you just wrote. All you're doing is changing from mass density units to energy density units. The conversion factor between those is $c^2$.

 

[darkdark10]

No. It's the energy density in mass density units. "Mass density" doesn't even make sense as a separate concept for radiation.

What you just wrote. All you're doing is changing from mass density units to energy density units. The conversion factor between those is $c^2$.

We know that mass density = energy density/c^2. The question is, when entering the expression (ρ+3P/c^2), which form is correct? When looking at the radiation term,
$$\rho + \frac{{3P}}{{{c^2}}} = {\rho _{rad}} + \frac{{3(\frac{1}{3}{\rho _{rad}}{c^2})}}{{{c^2}}} = 2{\rho _{rad}}$$
or
$$\rho + \frac{{3P}}{{{c^2}}} = 0 + \frac{{3(\frac{1}{3}{\rho _{rad}}{c^2})}}{{{c^2}}} = {\rho _{rad}}$$

 

[PeterDonis]

We know that mass density = energy density/c^2.

That depends on what you mean by "mass density". The only meaning that works with the Friedmann equation is to consider "mass density" as the same as energy density, just in different units.

The question is, when entering the expression (ρ+3P/c^2), which form is correct?

I already gave you the answer.

 

[darkdark10]

That depends on what you mean by "mass density". The only meaning that works with the Friedmann equation is to consider "mass density" as the same as energy density, just in different units.I already gave you the answer.

Your argument(

The only meaning that works with the Friedmann equation is to consider "mass density" as the same as energy density, just in different units.

) leads to:
$$\rho + \frac{{3P}}{{{c^2}}} = {\rho _{rad}} + \frac{{3(\frac{1}{3}{\rho _{rad}}{c^2})}}{{{c^2}}} = 2{\rho _{rad}}$$
Your argument leads to the claim that when matter and radiation have the same energy density ρ0, the radiation exerts twice the gravitational force than the matter.

Is this a valid argument?

 

[PeterDonis]

Your argument leads to the claim that when matter and radiation have the same energy density ρ0, the radiation exerts twice the gravitational force than the matter.

Is this a valid argument?

Yes. More precisely, radiation of a given energy density causes the expansion of the universe to decelerate twice as fast as matter (more precisely cold matter, assumed to have negligible pressure) of the same energy density.

 

[vanhees71]

We know that mass density = energy density/c^2. The question is, when entering the expression (ρ+3P/c^2), which form is correct? When looking at the radiation term,
$$\rho + \frac{{3P}}{{{c^2}}} = {\rho _{rad}} + \frac{{3(\frac{1}{3}{\rho _{rad}}{c^2})}}{{{c^2}}} = 2{\rho _{rad}}$$
or
$$\rho + \frac{{3P}}{{{c^2}}} = 0 + \frac{{3(\frac{1}{3}{\rho _{rad}}{c^2})}}{{{c^2}}} = {\rho _{rad}}$$

At least at this point it should be clear, how confusing the concept of "relativistic mass" is. Unfortunately Einstein introduced it in his 1905 paper, before the formulation of special-relativistic point mechanics was fully understood, which to my knowledge has been achieved first in a paper by Planck in 1906. Note that Einstein himself was not in favor of the "relativistic mass" idea for very long. He rather adviced people early on to use mass in its only well-defined meaning, which is "invariant mass". In GR there's not even a chance to make sense of a "relativistic mass". Inertia is related to energy, and the source of the gravitational field is the energy-momentum-stress tensor of "matter and radiation". Nowhere enters a separate quantity "relativistic mass (density)".

The trace of the energy-momentum-stress tensor of the electromagnetic field is 0. This is due to conformal invariance of the free Maxwell equations. For thermal radiation it implies that $\epsilon=3P$ (where $\epsilon$ is the energy density and $P$ the pressure).