Metric for Circular Orbit of Two Bodies

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the asymptotic metric for a pair of bodies in a circular orbit that emit gravitational waves. Participants explore the mathematical formulation of the metric using spherical coordinates and the implications of the linearized metric in the context of the Einstein field equations, particularly for large distances.

Discussion Character

  • Technical explanation
  • Mathematical reasoning
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant presents a linearized metric for two bodies in circular orbit, including a perturbation metric and a discussion of the Ricci tensor.
  • Another participant questions whether the metric satisfies the vacuum Einstein field equations, seeking clarification on the terms involved in the Riemann tensor.
  • A participant asserts that certain terms in the Riemann tensor are quadratic in the perturbation and thus can be discarded.
  • Subsequent replies reinforce the assertion about the quadratic terms being discarded, indicating a shared understanding among some participants.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

There is no consensus on the implications of the quadratic terms in the Riemann tensor, as one participant questions their omission while others agree with the decision to discard them. The discussion remains unresolved regarding the completeness of the metric and its adherence to the Einstein field equations.

Contextual Notes

The discussion highlights the limitations of the linearized approach, particularly in relation to the static part of the metric for orbiting bodies, which may not be accurately represented as flat. Additionally, the dependence on large distances for the validity of the metric is noted.

pervect
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I finally found a result I believe for the the asymptotic metric (valid for large r) of a pair of bodies in a circular orbit emitting gravitational waves. I use spherical coordinates, ##[t, r, \theta, \phi]##.

If we let the linearized metric ##g_{\mu\nu}## be equal to the sum of a flat metric ##\eta_{\mu\nu}## and a pertubation metric ##h_{\mu\nu}##, then the approximate solution is:

$$\eta_{\mu\nu} = \begin{bmatrix} -c^2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & r^2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & r^2 \sin^2 \theta \end{bmatrix} \quad h_{\mu\nu} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & k r \cos \psi & k r \sin \theta \sin \psi \\ 0 & 0 & k r \sin \theta \sin \psi & -k r \sin^2 \theta \cos \psi \end{bmatrix}$$

Here k is an arbitrary constant which depends on the quadrupole moment of the pair of bodies, and ##\psi = 2 \omega (t - r/c)## is a function of retarded time t-r/c. The wave propagates radially outward from the origin. In my actual calculations I simplified things by setting c=1 and ##\omega## = 1/2.

This metric only satisfies the Einstein field equations for large r. Because of this, rather than using the Lorentz gauge (which the solution only approximately satisfies), I used the arbitrary non-gauge formula to compute the Ricci tensor to check the solution. The specifics were:

$$\Gamma^a{}_{bc} = \frac{1}{2}( h_a{}^u{}_{,b} + h_b{}^u{}_{,a} - h_{ab}{}^{,u}) \quad R^a{}_{bcd} = \Gamma^a{}_{bd,c} - \Gamma^a{}_{bc,d} \quad R_{bc} = R^a{}_{bac}$$

Here a comma represents taking the partial derivative. Note that only partial derivatives are needed, something that surprised me enough that I rechecked my text (MTW) on the topic.

I found it convenient to re-write the metric and the Ricci tensor I computed from the above in an orthonormal basis of one-forms with
$$e^\hat{t} = dt \quad e^\hat{r} = dr \quad e^\hat{\theta} = r d\theta \quad e^\hat{\phi} = r \sin \theta \, d \phi$$

Representing the tensors in this basis by putting a "hat" over the basis symbols, I found:

$$h_{\hat{a}\hat{b}} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & k \frac{\cos \psi}{r} & k \frac{\sin \psi}{r} \\ 0 & 0 & k \frac{\sin \psi}{r} & - k \frac{ \cos \psi}{r} \end{bmatrix} R_{\hat{a}\hat{b}} \approx \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & O(\frac{1}{r^2}) \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & O(\frac{1}{r^3}) \\ 0 & 0 & O(\frac{1}{r^2}) & O(\frac{1}{r^2}) \\ O(\frac{1}{r^2}) & O(\frac{1}{r^3}) & O(\frac{1}{r^2}) & O(\frac{1}{r^3}) \end{bmatrix} $$

Note the solution isn't quite completely correct to order 1/r, because it is linearized to a flat background metric, when we really expect the static part of the metric for a pair of orbiting bodies to be not quite flat, but to have time dilation terms in ##g_{tt}## of order 1/r.
 
Last edited:
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pervect said:
This metric only satisfies the Einstein field equations for large r.

I assume you mean the vacuum EFE, correct?

pervect said:
I used the arbitrary non-gauge formula to compute the Ricci tensor to check the solution. The specifics were:

$$
\Gamma^a{}_{bc} = \frac{1}{2}( h_a{}^u{}_{,b} + h_b{}^u{}_{,a} - h_{ab}{}^{,u}) \quad R^a{}_{bcd} = \Gamma^a{}_{bd,c} - \Gamma^a{}_{bc,d} \quad R_{bc} = R^a{}_{bac}
$$

Here a comma represents taking the partial derivative.

Shouldn't there be terms involving products of the ##\Gamma^a{}_{bc}## in the Riemann tensor?
 
They are quadratic in the perturbation, so they are discarded.
 
dextercioby said:
They are quadratic in the perturbation, so they are discarded.

Ah, ok.
 
dextercioby said:
They are quadratic in the perturbation, so they are discarded.

Couldn't have said it better myself.
 

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