Navigating the Tensions in Ukraine: A Scientific Perspective

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The discussion centers on the complexities and potential consequences of the ongoing tensions in Ukraine, drawing parallels to historical conflicts. Participants express concerns about the motivations behind Putin's actions, suggesting he aims to expand Russian influence and possibly recreate aspects of the Soviet Union. The effectiveness of Western sanctions is debated, with skepticism about their impact on halting Russian aggression. There are fears that if the West does not respond decisively, the situation could escalate beyond Ukraine, potentially affecting other regions like Taiwan. Overall, the conversation highlights the precarious nature of international relations and the risks of underestimating authoritarian ambitions.
  • #1,051
Astronuc said:
All Russian military must leave Ukraine!
Or what? We put sanctions on Russia? "Must" to me implies there is an enforcement mechanism that is going to make it happen. Really?
StevieTNZ said:
If the Chinese are giving equipment to Russia, then China should be sanctioned just as bad as Russia. plane @ simple
Sanctioning China would be much like sanctioning ourselves our economies are so intertwined. Russia was relatively easy for us. China would be a nightmare.
 
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  • #1,054
phinds said:
Sanctioning China would be much like sanctioning ourselves our economies are so intertwined.
"The time has come, the walrus said..."
 
  • #1,055
Astronuc said:
there was some denial on the part of the Ukrainian government,
Easy to explain - It's your country at risk, so don't poke the bear and give it an excuse to attack. Attempt to play nice and hope a better resolution comes about, rather than invasion. A stategy that can work at times to de-escalate, in this case not. It could be a reason, though, that fresh conscripts were sent in the beginning rather than a full brunt heavy force, with Ukraine being overrun in a short time.
 
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  • #1,056
pinball1970 said:
If he dares attack Poland? NATO?
I seriously doubt that an attack on Poland is in the cards.
 
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  • #1,057
artis said:
China is a funny country, no matter what you accuse them off they always deny it and claim it's disinformation and then when a world wide pandemic starts in one of their cities (or possibly lab's) then they say the US soldiers brought it to them... Not sure whether to laugh or cry
Why the (or possibly lab's).
Certainly that has a tainted flavour to it by seeding a dis-thought in the minds of readers.
Why don't you check on where some of the funding to the lab in question came from, and you will realize that everything in the world today ( as much as it was years gone past ) is intertwined quite extensively.

Read up on Noble, yes the Noble Prize guy, and his contribution to explosives and the result towards the mass destruction of people and cities.
 
  • #1,058
As a sobering lesson on what potentially rebellious captured citizens could face under a Russian dictator's control, one might recall the "Katyn" episode against Poland in 1940, (which may have been mentioned here, but I didn't notice). It seems quite Orwellian that Soviet guilt, long evident but suppressed, was finally admitted by Russia in 1990, overwhelmingly documented and proved, then again denied in 2021, with Putin possibly taking opposite sides at different times.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyn_massacre
 
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  • #1,059
Truth is the first casualty of war.
Paraphrase from an ancient Greek tragedy.
 
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256bits said:
Read up on Noble, yes the Noble Prize guy, and his contribution to explosives and the result towards the mass destruction of people and cities.
That would be Alfred Nobel.
Nobel's most famous invention was dynamite, a safer and easier means of harnessing the explosive power of nitroglycerin; it was patented in 1867 and was soon used worldwide for mining and infrastructure development.

If not Nobel, then someone else.

Joseph Wilbrand, a German chemist discovered Trinitrotoluene (TNT) in 1863 for use as a yellow dye. It wasn't until 1902 that the devastating power of TNT was fully realized and it was adopted as an explosive in time for extensive use by both sides in World War I and World War II
https://economictimes.indiatimes.co...an-expected/articleshow/55975685.cms?from=mdr
https://sciencing.com/invention-tnt-15791.html

Asciano Sobrero, inventor of nitroglycerin, thought it was too destructive to be useful.
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smar...troglycerin-was-horrified-dynamite-180965192/
https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/ascanio-sobrero/

And there are PETN, RDX, HMX, . . . .
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate was first prepared and patented in 1894 by the explosives manufacturer Rheinisch-Westfälische Sprengstoff A.G. of Cologne, Germany. The production of PETN started in 1912, when the improved method of production was patented by the German government.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentaerythritol_tetranitrate

RDX (abbreviation of "Research Department eXplosive" or "Royal Demolition eXplosive"),
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDX#History

HMX (High Melting Explosive, Her Majesty's Explosive, High-velocity Military Explosive, or High-Molecular-weight RDX. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMX

And there are even more powerful chemical explosives, not to mention nuclear systems, that Putin has put on the table! Technology is often dual use. One can use it productively (as in mining or excavation) or destructively (as in demolition). Sometimes, knowledge and wisdom aren't carried in the same basket.

I was listening last night to a program about the Akkadian history and conflicts with Babylonians and Medians (Medes). We're still at it.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes
 
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  • #1,062
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  • #1,063
256bits said:
Attempt to play nice and hope a better resolution comes about, rather than invasion.
Remember all things change. Putin is my age...he could die tomorrow. Nukes are forever.
This does not mean look the other way. It means play the cards as dealt. Nukes kill the children too./
 
  • #1,066
StevieTNZ said:
Russian editor storms into her own live TV broadcast with anti-war banner
Don't you mean FORMER Russian editor?
 
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  • #1,067
pinball1970 said:
Anyway, the lady who was brought out on a stretcher from the maternity hospital made the headlines a few days ago. I'm sure you saw it.
https://www.stuff.co.nz/world/europ...-tragedy-of-war-in-ukraine-dies-with-her-baby

Pregnant woman whose photo showed tragedy of war in Ukraine dies with her baby​


Now, the AP reports that the woman and her baby died in horrific conditions in the aftermath of the attack on the hospital – arriving for surgery with her pelvis crushed and hip detached.

Surgeon Timur Marin told the AP that medics delivered the baby via caesarean section but that the infant showed “no signs of life”.
 
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  • #1,068
sedition
StevieTNZ said:

There are laws about sedition for a reason.
 
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  • #1,069
hutchphd said:
This is all foreign to me. Is it really possible to build Gulags fast enough? Is it?
Are you familiar with "Stalin and his Hangmen"? The answer is, yes. The labor pool is also the guest list.
 
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  • #1,070
hutchphd said:
here are laws about sedition for a reason.
How can it be sedition? The US is at peace with both sides of this conflict. How does this differ from Saudi Arabia and Yemen?
 
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Another interesting input from a Russian, this time an ex-KGB agent.
(The video title implies it is about photos of Putin, but it's about more than that. Photos are mentioned, but it's a minor issue in this interview, I think).

Ex-KGB agent weighs in on 'bizarre' Putin photos (CNN, Mar 13, 2022)

Former KGB agent Jack Barsky discusses Russian President Vladimir Putin's potential mindset as Russia's invasion of Ukraine expands across the country.

 
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  • #1,072
phinds said:
"Must" to me implies there is an enforcement mechanism that is going to make it happen.
That's more the so-called 'leaders' of the US and EU. I'm not seeing much leadership at the moment.

The invasion should have been stopped as soon as they crossed the border into Ukraine, if not sooner. I'm guessing the leadership didn't want to upset the madman Putin.

The best time to stop a fire is before it becomes a conflagration, which is what we no have in Ukraine.
 
  • #1,073
BBC is also reporting on the brave Russian TV editor Marina Ovsyannikova trying to wake up people: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60744605

She also explains herself in another video (included in the end of the BBC video clip), but normal Russians probably do not have access to that clip unfortunately.
 
  • #1,074
I would like to encurage people here to please consider leaving the lame and dark jokes on people that is on the receiving end of this tragedy to another thread. I know dark humor can be a relief, but it can also be perceived as extremely disrespectful.
 
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  • #1,075
Vanadium 50 said:
How can it be sedition? The US is at peace with both sides of this conflict.
I agree it's not sedition, and the US is at peace militarily with Russia, but the US has imposed sanctions against Russia and there can be no doubt about the US Government's position on this war.

Fox News is pouring the same poison into US society that Russian state media has poured into Russian society.
 
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  • #1,076
neilparker62 said:
I think we need a 'reset'
if instead of the previous 'reset' Putin had got an adequate response the present war would not have happened
 
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  • #1,077
256bits said:
I seriously doubt that an attack on Poland is in the cards.
Poland, on the other hand, may not wish to be quite so complacent.
 
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  • #1,078
vela said:
It wasn't exactly unforeseeable that Putin would make a move like this. It makes one question the wisdom of doing business in a place like Russia or China.
Maximizing profits I think, I can't see any other wisdom besides that. I also don't believe CEO's and shareholders of large corporations aren't informed of the policies of the countries they are doing business with.

This can get to ridiculous details like removing the Taiwanese flag from Tom Cruise's jacket in the upcoming Top Gun sequel
https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/22/media/top-gun-flags-intl-hnk/index.html

Or John Cena apologizing like a schoolboy who forgot his homework about daring to call Taiwan a country. This is exactly the type of cowardice and profit driven policy making that enables people like Putin or Xi Jinping


I wonder what if US had as much financial interest in Russia as they do in China what would then people like John Cena say about the Ukrainian situation...
 
  • #1,079
pinball1970 said:
If he dares attack Poland? NATO?
Then NATO must engage in military attack directly with Russia plain and simple, which means US will have to fight Russia. If for whatever reason NATO mumbles the response or fails to respond then NATO is effectively dead and can disband altogether.
This is the worry some have here in the Baltics, what would happen if Russia decided to roll in and take some small part first , given we are in NATO would NATO countries be willing to risk a nuclear war with Russia to keep up the 5th article that says that "attack one one is an attack on all"

We do have a local well trained professional army but given Russian numbers we are outnumbered and outgunned which means we can only "slow" and stop any military advance for a brief period of time , say few days at most , then reinforcements or more like the full NATO regular troops have to be here together with air support and all else, otherwise it's a dead end.
 
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  • #1,080
artis said:
Then NATO must engage in military attack directly with Russia plain and simple, which means US will have to fight Russia. If for whatever reason NATO mumbles the response or fails to respond then NATO is effectively dead and can disband altogether.
This is the worry some have here in the Baltics, what would happen if Russia decided to roll in and take some small part first , given we are in NATO would NATO countries be willing to risk a nuclear war with Russia to keep up the 5th article that says that "attack one one is an attack on all"
And note that they currently hold a maneuver in Kaliningrad aka Königsberg. At least, this is what I read yesterday!
 
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  • #1,081
hutchphd said:
sedition

There are laws about sedition for a reason.
And those laws say that sedition is about fomenting rebellion, which isn't at play here.

It is far worse to advocate/employ Russian style attacks against a media outlet than for a media outlet to spread Russian style misinformation.
 
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  • #1,082
russ_watters said:
It is far worse to advocate/employ Russian style attacks against a media outlet than for a media outlet to spread Russian style misinformation.
Eventually misinformation reaches the stage where it threatens the very survival of free democracies. Ultimately Tucker Carlson may be free to say what he likes, but others are free to hate him from the very bottom of their hearts for saying it.
 
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  • #1,083
PeroK said:
Eventually misinformation reaches the stage where it threatens the very survival of free democracies.
I don't believe that's a thing. I believe and trust in the principles of democracy and argue that you can't promote democracy with autocracy.

Ultimately Tucker Carlson may be free to say what he likes, but others are free to hate him from the very bottom of their hearts for saying it.
Yes. Just please don't throw the baby out with the bath water.
 
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  • #1,084
PeroK said:
Ultimately Tucker Carlson may be free to say what he likes, but others are free to hate him from the very bottom of their hearts for saying it.
Which prompted my original posting which was banned.
And I was accused, by a mentor, of being a probable fan of MSNBC. Not his finest hour IMHO. Having devoutly promised not to repeat the "childish" reference, I will point to the article from the Portland ME Herald that I was in fact quoting
https://edition.pagesuite.com/popov...zBxmwyzPkz6ljUYlGMXUxxBo51IfqplauxK-jY1vy_Yvg
 
  • #1,085
russ_watters said:
Yes. Just please don't throw the baby out with the bath water.
And please don't bomb the baby out of the bath water because you believe there are chemical weapons being manufactured in an apartment building.
russ_watters said:
I don't believe that's a thing. I believe and trust in the principles of democracy and argue that you can't promote democracy with autocracy.
Democracy is not indestructible. It's been destroyed in Russia over the past 20 years. It's being destroyed in the Ukraine. And if Tucker Carlson helps bring about that destruction, then it may be the lesser of two evils to shut him up.
 
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  • #1,086
U.N. Secretary General António Guterres said Monday that the prospect of nuclear conflict is “now back within the realm of possibility” after Russian President Vladimir Putin raised the alert levels of the country’s nuclear forces last month.

In remarks to reporters, Guterres called Putin’s move a “bone-chilling development” and said further escalation of the war in Ukraine would threaten all of humanity. “It’s time to stop the horror unleashed on the people of Ukraine and get on the path of diplomacy and peace,” he said.
https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/worl...realm-of-possibility-un-chief-says/ar-AAV4sW0

I'm concerned about "the path of diplomacy and peace", in which Ukraine is forced to accept defeat and give up Donbas and Crimea, and possibly east of the Dnipro (Дніпро) river and the land along the sea of Azov. Putin needs to pay dearly for his criminal acts.

Nine countries in the world have a combined nuclear arsenal containing 12,700 warheads, according to the Federation of American Scientists. About 90 percent of them are held by Russia and the United States, which have about 6,000 and 5,400 warheads, respectively.

The prospect of nuclear war with Russia has deterred the United States and its NATO allies from setting up a no-fly zone in Ukraine or supplying the besieged country with fighter jets.
Nuclear deterrence works, unfortunately, in this case.
 
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  • #1,087
A democracy and free society by definition has to allow freedom of speech as that is among the most fundamental "building blocks" of such a system. Even if that free speech might be misinformed from some.
Russia is one of the best examples along China etc as to how freedom of speech is suppressed and the political and socioeconomic ramifications of that.
I personally don't agree with everything that is said on Fox but just "banning" a certain opinion in a free country would make it less free. Just because channels like CNN are on the "good side" with respect to this war in particular doesn't mean they always present straight forward facts with regards to other issues.

I think that a free and democratic society fundamentally rests on the majority within that society being well educated and with enough critical thinking as to not fall for a demagogue. This is exactly one of the reasons why the Bolsheviks aka the Soviets killed off the "intelligentsia" of their own states, because only a fool or a careless person could think that the teachings of Lenin can work as an economic policy.
 
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  • #1,088
PeroK said:
Democracy is not indestructible. It's been destroyed in Russia over the past 20 years.
Do you really believe Russia had a functional democracy 20 years ago?!
It's being destroyed in the Ukraine. And if Tucker Carlson helps bring about that destruction, then it may be the lesser of two evils to shut him up.
I really hope you (et al) don't realize what you're saying here. You are advocating we adopt Russia's tactics of jailing reporters for disagreeing with the government. I thought we all agreed this(as part of a whole) was one of the primary means by which Putin holds his power?
 
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  • #1,089
russ_watters said:
Do you really believe Russia had a functional democracy 20 years ago?!
Russia was a functional anarchy in the 90's if we want to be blunt about it

And not just Russia, most former Soviet states had a tough wild time while adjusting to capitalism and democracy, oligarchy , corruption and lawlessness , I could go en length about these issues, about how it was impossible to get justice in court etc. My relatives lived through all of it
 
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  • #1,090
KYIV, Ukraine (AP) — Russia’s relentless bombardment of Ukraine edged closer to central Kyiv as a series of strikes hit a residential neighborhood Tuesday, while the leaders of three European Union countries planned a bold visit to Ukraine’s capital and the number of people the war has driven from the country passed 3 million.

Shortly before dawn, large explosions thundered across Kyiv from what Ukrainian authorities said were artillery strikes. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said barrages hit four multi-story buildings in the city and caused dozens of deaths.

The strikes targeted a western district of Kyiv, disrupting a relative calm that returned after an initial advance by Russian forces was stopped in the early days of the war. Tuesday’s shelling ignited a huge fire in a 15-story apartment building and spurred a frantic rescue effort.
https://apnews.com/article/russia-u...iness-moscow-d357f90e5a332e10abd8e2b7c7be67c7

Sobering interview by Michael Isikoff and Mark Brzezinski, US Ambassador to Poland.
https://www.yahoo.com/news/russia-i...-invasion-could-last-for-years-200040659.html

I was looking at stats for Russian military, and they have a lot of artillery pieces and rocket launchers, which they seem to be using against civilian targets. The Russian ground forces (infantry) aren't doing so well.

Insightful interview with Russia expert Stephen Kotkin.
https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/stephen-kotkin-putin-russia-ukraine-stalin

Russia is a weak great-power, that tries to be as strong as the west, but lacks the capability, so uses coercion to achieve and maintain a great-power status.

How do you define “the West”?

The West is a series of institutions and values. The West is not a geographical place. Russia is European, but not Western. Japan is Western, but not European. “Western” means rule of law, democracy, private property, open markets, respect for the individual, diversity, pluralism of opinion, and all the other freedoms that we enjoy, which we sometimes take for granted. We sometimes forget where they came from. But that’s what the West is. And that West, which we expanded in the nineties, in my view properly, through the expansion of the European Union and NATO, is revived now, and it has stood up to Vladimir Putin in a way that neither he nor Xi Jinping expected.
 
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  • #1,091
russ_watters said:
I really hope you (et al) don't realize what you're saying here. You are advocating we adopt Russia's tactics of jailing reporters for disagreeing with the government. I thought we all agreed this(as part of a whole) was one of the primary means by which Putin holds his power?
We're not living in a perfect world. You can follow some abstract rules and/or you can follow what you believe to be right. We have to assess the risks of each course of action. Especially if it comes to war, then our surivial may depend on unity rather than freedom of speech.

There are already limitations on free speech. The crime of perjury exists even in the US. Incitement to violence. Slander and libel. False accounting. Fraud and misrepresentation. Tax evasion.

Moreover, I suspect Tucker Carlson would never allow others the freedom of speech if he and his kind ever seize control. In that sense, my opposition to him might feel like a necessary act of self-preservation. I can't close my eyes to these risks and pretend they don't exist. I'd play by the rules as long as possible, but eventually if I feel sufficiently threatened then it would be madness not to fight back.
 
  • #1,092
PeroK said:
We're not living in a perfect world. You can follow some abstract rules and/or you can follow what you believe to be right. We have to assess the risks of each course of action. Especially if it comes to war, then our surivial may depend on unity rather than freedom of speech.

There are already limitations on free speech. The crime of perjury exists even in the US. Incitement to violence. Slander and libel. False accounting. Fraud and misrepresentation. Tax evasion.

Moreover, I suspect Tucker Carlson would never allow others the freedom of speech if he and his kind ever seize control. In that sense, my opposition to him might feel like a necessary act of self-preservation. I can't close my eyes to these risks and pretend they don't exist. I'd play by the rules as long as possible, but eventually if I feel sufficiently threatened then it would be madness not to fight back.

I watched it to get an idea. I would have thought both sides of the house (as we say in the UK) would have been in agreement on this. Especially Tucker's side??

Russia using US right wing TV for its own propaganda is just too nuts to process.

Anyway on a different note, the refugees do have life lines if they make it here.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-60741942

and there is this.

https://www.her.ie/news/watch-itali...ud-ukrainian-children-first-day-school-550992
 
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  • #1,093
A neglected aspect of this thread has been the inclusion of support of the war by the Eastern Orthodox Church and its leader Patriarch Kirill. This brings an important nonpolitical aspect to the war. Russians having a strong religious history can find solace in supporting or at least looking the other way since wayward Ukraine has distanced itself from orthodoxy by adopting nontraditional western social mores. Rome's criticism of the war has been muted as if the Russian Church has some kind of nuclear weapon of its own. The mixture of politics and religion is a frightful combination as history has shown.

https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/14/europe/patriarch-kirill-putin-spiritual-battle-intl-cmd/index.html
 
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  • #1,094
PeroK said:
We're not living in a perfect world. You can follow some abstract rules...
That's a self contradiction, but to sort it out, the 1st amendment is a rule (law), not an abstraction.
...and/or you can follow what you believe to be right.

Especially if it comes to war, then our surivial may depend on unity rather than freedom of speech.
Putin wholeheartedly agrees.
There are already limitations on free speech.
Yes, but the one put on the table here is elimination of the core function of freedom of speech. The very reason for its existence.
Moreover, I suspect Tucker Carlson would never allow others the freedom of speech if he and his kind ever seize control. In that sense, my opposition to him might feel like a necessary act of self-preservation.
An act of self contradiction. You'd hand him that power that you say you are afraid of him wielding.
I can't close my eyes to these risks and pretend they don't exist. I'd play by the rules as long as possible, but eventually if I feel sufficiently threatened then it would be madness not to fight back.
So...sedition (which by the way is what we advocate for Russia). What a tangled mess.

Democracy works because we believe in and faithfully follow its principles. Tearing down the institutions of democracy to prevent someone from tearing down the institutions of democracy is the self-sabotage way to lose democracy
 
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  • #1,095
edition.cnn.com/2022/03/14/europe/patriarch-kirill-putin-spiritual-battle-intl-cmd/index.html

Hmm - Crusades revisited with Kiev the "Russian Jerusalem" ? Well guys I'm sure we can make a plan to grant access without having to have a massive war over it.

(For the record my view of the Crusades is that ultimately prominent adversaries such as Richard the Lionheart and Saladin gained a healthy respect for each other.)

From one of Saladin's chroniclers: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf

"The Moslems discharged arrows at them from all sides to annoy them, and force them to charge: but in this they were unsuccessful. These men exercised wonderful self-control; they went on their way without any hurry, whilst their ships followed their line of march along the coast, and in this manner they reached their halting-place.

I would say Ukrainians are showing similar discipline and fortitude - and it's not just arrows they are having to contend with. Mr Putin should also understand that if indeed his intent is some kind of "Holy War" then attacks on soft civilian targets are completely contradictory.
 
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  • #1,096
russ_watters said:
Democracy works because we believe in and faithfully follow its principles. Tearing down the institutions of democracy to prevent someone from tearing down the institutions of democracy is the self-sabotage way to lose democracy
I respect that is what you believe, but I have a different opinion that democracy may be destroyed in the US because powerful forces are undermining it from within. The institutions of democracy are being torn down in any case: witness the riots at the Capitol last year.

One difference between us is that I can see that banning Carlson is playing with fire; whereas, you don't admit any risks of allowing him and his kind to continue their attempted destruction of your country.

Perhaps your approach is right, but I don't share your certainty. I wish I did! Life is always easier if you have faith, perhaps.
 
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Please leave Tucker Carlson, FOX, and domestic US politics out of this thread!

I am aware that democracy and tyranny play a central role in this current war since many believe, me included, that this is really the reason why Putin attacked Ukraine. Nevertheless, this would be Russian politics, not American.

We have currently 3,000,000 refugees, about 2,000,000 in Poland alone, a war with no ceasefire at the horizon, and obviously an unpredictable dictator, who already arrested 17,000 Russian protesters. We have severe casualties among both strike forces, and officially confirmed about 700 civilian deaths, 100 of them were children, and the actual numbers are presumably higher.

I would guess these are sufficiently many topics to discuss, even without the consequences of FOX on the US American society. I admit that this is an interesting subject, and I could add some anecdotes to it, but I am afraid that it cannot be discussed on a scientific level. So please, let's go back to current affairs in Europe.

Thanks.
 
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fresh_42 said:
officially confirmed about 700 civilian deaths, 100 of them were children, and the actual numbers are presumably higher.

I don't know who gets to "officially" confirm things, but Ukraine says 2500 civilians have died in Mariupol alone. 700 is so low I question its value as a number - it's not obviously right to within a factor of 10 even.
 
  • #1,099
Office_Shredder said:
I don't know who gets to "officially" confirm things, but Ukraine says 2500 civilians have died in Mariupol alone. 700 is so low I question its value as a number - it's not obviously right to within a factor of 10 even.
600+ was the last number I read from the council in The Hague that investigates war crimes.
 
  • #1,100
Office_Shredder said:
I don't know who gets to "officially" confirm things, but Ukraine says 2500 civilians have died in Mariupol alone. 700 is so low I question its value as a number - it's not obviously right to within a factor of 10 even.
We will only be able to confirm after this conflict, assuming Russia doesn't occupy that part of Ukraine, or the entire country.
 
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