Navigating the Tensions in Ukraine: A Scientific Perspective

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The discussion centers on the complexities and potential consequences of the ongoing tensions in Ukraine, drawing parallels to historical conflicts. Participants express concerns about the motivations behind Putin's actions, suggesting he aims to expand Russian influence and possibly recreate aspects of the Soviet Union. The effectiveness of Western sanctions is debated, with skepticism about their impact on halting Russian aggression. There are fears that if the West does not respond decisively, the situation could escalate beyond Ukraine, potentially affecting other regions like Taiwan. Overall, the conversation highlights the precarious nature of international relations and the risks of underestimating authoritarian ambitions.
  • #1,701
PeroK said:
If Putin and the other Russians know they are untouchable then how do you stop them?
Choosing not to back someone into a corner is not the equivalent of rendering them untouchable. Why do you think it is?
PeroK said:
In my view, we ought to make a stand now.
That sounds good, but what does it mean? Intensify the sanctions? Declare and enforce a no-fly zone over Ukraine? Carry out airstrikes on Russian troops? Or, just up the rhetoric?
 
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  • #1,702
The West (as opposed to Ukraine) has done as well -much better in fact -than could have been expected in the daunting circumstances.

Whilst it was anticipated that Ukraine would not abandon its sovereignty in the medium term and would likely become another Afghanistan for Russia hardly anyone imagined they might actually perform as well and heroically as they seem to have.

Russia no longer appears to be in a position to intimidate those countries who are in Nato and ,in my view it is rather the Putin regime that has reason to be fearful of the consequences of a failed foreign adventure.

The nuclear issue is not one that can really be addressed sanely except to do everything possible to avoid it coming into play

But for the resistance of Ukraine I think we would be closer to that scenario as Putin would have been emboldened to continue his adventure into other Nato countries where he could pursue similar tactics to those which almost succeeded in Ukraine.

The choice for Nato then would have been much starker
 
  • #1,704
Astronuc said:
it is possible that soldiers digging trenches may have inhaled some Xe from the disturbed soil.
And I thought Xe is only produced (also burned) during neutron flux in an active core and some time after stopping of neutron flux/chain reaction.
 
  • #1,705
PeroK said:
that Poland plans to stop using Russian oil and gas by the end of this year
Not only Poland, other EU members as well, but either way this will be a costly choice.
PeroK said:
There is also a news item about the Russian parliament discussing the denazification of Poland, Kazakhstan, Moldova and other Baltic states.
And we in the Baltics are talking about de-Putinization of Kremlin meanwhile.
Given how this war has turned I doubt Russia has the stamina to wage a conventional war with EU and NATO now. Their propagandists sure are keeping up the spirits at home but Russians are known to use that type of psychological fear mongering it doesn't always lead to action.
pinball1970 said:
Poland? Does the west build up troops on all these boarders? Are we on Defcon 3 right now?
Not sure about Defcon, but NATO has increased troops around all of NATO border including Baltic as well as Poland. When the war started I saw many times columns of tanks and vehicles heading from harbor to local bases. I still hope NATO will speed up and finally give us those SAM's etc equipment that we frankly should have had a long time ago. This war has opened some eyes truth be told...
anorlunda said:
Where end-of-the-world scenarios are at play, I want a lot more certainty than that.
Well I'm afraid no one has that amount of certainty that you are looking for at the moment, probably not even Pentagon. On the other hand Putin and his team are using a lot of bluffing as is common for them.
I personally still stand by my assumption based on what I know that Putin won't use nukes unless there starts a war (for whatever reason) between west and Russia. And if he will demand to use them in the absence of a western attack , then I think there is a high possibility his own chain of command might refuse such an attack and we might not even know about it until some time in the future.
geordief said:
The West (as opposed to Ukraine) has done as well -much better in fact -than could have been expected in the daunting circumstances.
I agree, especially compared how no one did anything back in 2014, this was the wake up call that came too late.

geordief said:
hardly anyone imagined they might actually perform as well and heroically as they seem to have.
Exactly
geordief said:
Russia no longer appears to be in a position to intimidate those countries who are in Nato and ,in my view it is rather the Putin regime that has reason to be fearful of the consequences of a failed foreign adventure.
I agree, failing Ukraine will be a major setback for him either way. The question is as to how much he will be able to grab before this has to end due to lack of resources or other reasons, and will he be able to keep it.

geordief said:
But for the resistance of Ukraine I think we would be closer to that scenario as Putin would have been emboldened to continue his adventure into other Nato countries where he could pursue similar tactics to those which almost succeeded in Ukraine.
I too think Ukraine played a crucial role in not just stopping Russia and giving the west time to come up with long overdue decisions but also possibly preventing a further escalation and possibly WW3, because it seems to me that Russia planned a quick overtake of Ukraine, and then possibly if not NATO they would have tried to take Moldova and Transnistria. Such scenario would make avoiding war with Russia much harder.
 
  • #1,706
Ophiolite said:
Choosing not to back someone into a corner is not the equivalent of rendering them untouchable. Why do you think it is?
It's not quite the same, no. But, these are all imprecise terms in any case.
Ophiolite said:
That sounds good, but what does it mean? Intensify the sanctions? Declare and enforce a no-fly zone over Ukraine? Carry out airstrikes on Russian troops? Or, just up the rhetoric?
I made it clear: embargo on all trade with Russia. See post #1692.

Possibly a no-fly zone. Not air-strikes.
 
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  • #1,707
PeroK said:
Possibly a no-fly zone. Not air-strikes.

A no fly zone is impossible without carrying out air strikes on Russia's anti air defenses.
 
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  • #1,709
Office_Shredder said:
A no fly zone is impossible without carrying out air strikes on Russia's anti air defenses.
Including strikes surface to air missile launchers and air defense radars inside of Russia and where collateral damage to civilians is inevitable.
 
  • #1,710
There are interdiction techniques below 'no-fly zones' and area air defense systems developed for law enforcement but applicable to urban warfare.

Visual and acoustic detectors coupled with mostly passive radar detect artillery and unsuppressed gunfire a few kilometers distant, follow back to the source, identify and engage targets using counter-weapons including artillery, mortars, ground to ground hand launched missiles, 'SWAT' teams in vehicles, drones and light aircraft. No need to cross borders or engage aircraft.

Large urban centers in the US use some of these methods to detect gunfire and illegal fireworks. Passive acoustic detectors are mounted on fixed locations, vehicles, drones and helicopters.
 
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  • #1,711
It wasn't my intention to get into a debate about no-fly zones.

It seems like the EU has an ultimatum from Russia to start paying for oil and gas in roubles - and this will apply to payments due this month. This is the critical thing IMO. Do France, Germany and the others do what Russia demands or not? It's definitely a choice of two evils, IMO, but I know what I personally consider the greater evil.
 
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  • #1,712
PeroK said:
It wasn't my intention to get into a debate about no-fly zones.

It seems like the EU has an ultimatum from Russia to start paying for oil and gas in roubles - and this will apply to payments due this month. This is the critical thing IMO. Do France, Germany and the others do what Russia demands or not? It's definitely a choice of two evils, IMO, but I know what I personally consider the greater evil.
France and Germany are refusing to pay in Rubles.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/31/germany-braces-for-an-end-to-reliance-on-russian-gas
 
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  • #1,713
PeroK said:
Do France, Germany and the others do what Russia demands or not?
There were some evasive stuff around this from every side: as far as I understood, the 'solution' is to pay in EUR to a special account in a Russian bank, and the conversion is kind of done there.
Quite sturdy smokescreen. But the payment will go through.
 
  • #1,714
Rive said:
But the payment will go through.
How do you know that?
 
  • #1,715
PeroK said:
How do you know that?
Despite all the verbal sabre rattling this is a business both side wants to continue.
Found a link for the workaround
 
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  • #1,717
Well there is the simple fact that there is no easy and cheap alternative to Russian gas for Europe.
Sure Germany can talk that fancy talk just like they did when they closed their still operable and "A ok" nuclear power plants , so what are they putting in exchange for those closed plants?

Oh wait, yup you guessed it - Russian gas. But that was before 24th of February this year, so what will they put in place of those closed plants now?
Oops, I bet somebody is having a second thought about those plants, if not before this war then definitely now. I'm not sure maybe they can still reverse the process and let them be.
Otherwise I see some more coal and wood chips entering the energy mix. So much for climate solutions...
 
  • #1,718
artis said:
And I thought Xe is only produced (also burned) during neutron flux in an active core and some time after stopping of neutron flux/chain reaction.
Xe (i.e., isotopes of Xe) is a fission product (which decays to Cs) and a decay product of another fission product (I). During fission, two atoms are produced, one has atomic number Z and the other 92-Z. The first has atomic mass A, and the other atomic mass 234-A, or 233-A, based on an excited nucleus from n + 235U => 236U, and the 234 assumes 2 neutrons released, while 233 assumes 3 neutrons released. Complicating the picture is fast fission of 238U, which shifts the A-distributions up by 1 or 2 units for each f.p., as well as thermal fission of 236Np, 238Np, 239Pu and 241Pu, and fast fission of other transuranics.

So, there is distribution of population of fission products with a dual peak, one based around A = 89-90 and the other about A=145. In reality, fission produces an amount of every radionuclide from Cu (Z=29) to Eu (Z=63), or Z = 46 +/- 17 (46 from 92/2). The since most fission products have half-lives on the order of seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, the main concern are those that decay slowly over years; all the short-lived radionuclides decay into long-lived fission products or stable nuclides.

There is a lot of concern about radioactive I and Cs, because I is taken up by the thyroid gland, and Cs behaves like Na and K in the body, so could migrate to nerves, and Ba (Cs-decay product) behaves like Ca, so goes to the bones. Of course, any fission product, or dust covered in fission product could settle onto clothing or skin, or inhaled into nose, throat or lungs, or swallowed into the alimentary system. So lots of opportunity for external and internal exposure. External exposure is primarily from gamma radiation, which penetrates cms to 100s of cms. Internally, but gamma and beta radiation are a concern, along with rate and energies of the beta and gamma radiation.

For the heavy f.p., the main ones would be 129I, 134Cs, 137Cs and 133Ba, and possibly decay products from transuranics and other species. It depends on what and how much was released and deposited, and it is nearly 36 years since the accident.

Looking at Xe, those radioisotopes and their precursors should have decayed away by now.
 
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  • #1,719
pinball1970 said:
There were several things that struck me in this article. One is that Germany gets 55% of its natural gas imports from Russia. Where was even the most basic contingency planning? I'm not the most politically knowledgeable person, but even I've been calling Putin "the first great dictator of the 21st Century" for the past decade. How did Germany end up almost totally dependent on the great dictator for their energy supplies? How does that happen? Did the security services not know what he was like? Did the German government ignore them? It puts Merkel in an entirely new light!

It's barely credible!
 
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  • #1,720
PeroK said:
In my view, we ought to make a stand now.
It would have been better to have made a stand after Crimea.

But what is "making a stand"? Are you prepared to use strategic nuclear weapons? Tactical nuclear weapons? First use? Retaliation?
 
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  • #1,721
Vanadium 50 said:
It would have been better to have made a stand after Crimea.

But what is "making a stand"? Are you prepared to use strategic nuclear weapons? Tactical nuclear weapons? First use? Retaliation?
I made that clear above. I'm talking about trade with Russia.
 
  • #1,722
PeroK said:
There were several things that struck me in this article. One is that Germany gets 55% of its natural gas imports from Russia. Where was even the most basic contingency planning? I'm not the most politically knowledgeable person, ...
Obviously.
PeroK said:
... but even I've been calling Putin "the first great dictator of the 21st Century" for the past decade.
Everybody can tell, afterward. Even the Ukrainians couldn't believe it.
PeroK said:
How did Germany end up almost totally dependent on the great dictator for their energy supplies?
Ever heard anything about price building, risk assessments of decisions, or fracking? Anything? Oil sands, maybe?
PeroK said:
How does that happen?
Putin was definitely more popular here than Trump has been on every single level, but especially trust. Whom would you buy from in such a case? (keyword: trade war)
PeroK said:
Did the security services not know what he was like? Did the German government ignore them? It puts Merkel in an entirely new light!

It's barely credible!
see above
 
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  • #1,723
Well , not to join any side here but looking from a physics standpoint.
It's easy to criticize Europe for getting their gas from Russia, but natural gas doesn't exactly grow on trees.
Here is a list of natural gas producers by country. No need even to comment, anyone with any insight into politics and geography will notice the options Europe has from where to get the gas...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production
It's pretty much Russia or USA, just that there is no gas pipeline under the Atlantic so that means ships.
 
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  • #1,724
fresh_42 said:
Obviously.

Everybody can tell, afterward. Even the Ukrainians couldn't believe it.

Ever heard anything about price building, risk assessments of decisions, or fracking? Anything? Oil sands, maybe?

Putin was definitely more popular here than Trump has been on every single level, but especially trust. Whom would you buy from in such a case?

see above
Thanks for the primer. I see now that Germany has nothing to regret.
 
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  • #1,727
Isn't Belgorod the location of a big Russian army base?
 
  • #1,729
russ_watters said:
Russian officials have accused Ukraine of attacking a fuel depot inside Russia:
https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/01/europe/russia-ukraine-belgorod-fire-intl/index.html

Ukrainian officials responded: "Yeah, that was us, bud." /s
This looks promising, but then again it's dangerous. If Russians lose within Ukraine it's one thing, if they start losing on their own territory , with Putin it might just escalate.
I totally understand the Ukrainians and from the playbook of justice they have every right given what has been done to them, but with events like these unfolding I start to reconsider my stance on the impossibility of a nuke being used, even if it's a tactical at first.
Definitely not a scenario I look forward to given my proximity to the conflict.
 
  • #1,730
artis said:
This looks promising, but then again it's dangerous. If Russians lose within Ukraine it's one thing, if they start losing on their own territory , with Putin it might just escalate.
I totally understand the Ukrainians and from the playbook of justice they have every right given what has been done to them, but with events like these unfolding I start to reconsider my stance on the impossibility of a nuke being used, even if it's a tactical at first.
Definitely not a scenario I look forward to given my proximity to the conflict.
In the era of Gorbachev, Reagan, Yeltsin, the Bushes etc we did not have lunatics threatening the use of nukes. Very regrettably the last few years have seen extremely ill-considered reversals of the tacitly accepted view (between sane super-powers) that any such escalation can and will result in MAD (mutually assured destruction). One way or another that dynamic has to be restored.
 
  • #1,731
PeroK said:
How did Germany end up almost totally dependent on the great dictator for their energy supplies?

fresh_42 said:
Ever heard anything about price building, risk assessments of decisions, or fracking? Anything? Oil sands, maybe?
@fresh_42 : Wasn't Germany's decision to leave nuclear power also a contributing factor, or do I remember incorrectly?

(here in Sweden, our nuclear power is still a controversial topic)
 
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  • #1,732
DennisN said:
Wasn't Germany's decision to leave nuclear power also a contributing factor
Yes it was. Renewables can only go so far, and the Green movement (distinct from the party) felt that buying gas from dictators was better than nuclear power, And there you go.
 
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  • #1,733
Mentour Now reports, "Since the Ukraine War started there has been a very alarming uptick in the amount of GPS jamming and spoofing incidents in the airspace around Russia and Ukraine."

His concern is for civilian aircraft. The military uses jam and spoofing resistant hardware, but civilian GPS receivers don't.

He also points out that many modern airliners have inertial and radio navigation to backup GPS. Nevertheless, GPS problems can cause disruptions and unsafe situations.

 
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  • #1,734
DennisN said:
@fresh_42 : Wasn't Germany's decision to leave nuclear power also a contributing factor, or do I remember incorrectly?
Sure. But the question was: where to get natural gas from?

We have serious concerns about fracking. That, together with the price for LNG in comparison to Russia's gas, the existing infrastructure (pipelines, no LNG terminal), plus Trump's threat and action to start a trade war with Germany, plus his overall reliability, made American gas more than unattractive. That left the Middle East as the only alternative, and their record on human rights isn't any better than Putin's was. So - politically - there have been good reasons to rely on Russia. And they still deliver to the day! So why shouldn't we trust Putin? We haven't made any negative experiences, in contrast to the alternatives.

This leaves us with a purely political decision since economically Russia is still the better provider. And politics changed in February this year. No, the Crimean annexation in 2014 is a different topic.

Thus, I cannot see any bad decisions made by Merkel. These know-it-all who are now commenting, should make their homework. It is primarily an economic decision. And in this respect, Russia would still be the choice number one. To change this is an economically bad decision that has its price. A price we weren't willing to pay until this year.
 
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  • #1,735
caz said:
So it wasn’t a lack of knowledge? It sounds like in six months, Germany will be refilling Putin’s coffers.
I don't know about your country. But we have a free market here in Germany. The gas business is a private business. For example, Gazprom owns a significant share of our gas storage capacities. Politics has normally not much to say when it comes to economic decisions, and any interferences are not really appreciated.
 
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  • #1,736
fresh_42 said:
Thus, I cannot see any bad decisions made by Merkel. These know-it-all who are now commenting, should make their homework. It is primarily an economic decision. And in this respect, Russia would still be the choice number one. To change this is an economically bad decision that has its price. A price we weren't willing to pay until this year.
The question is why get 55% of your gas from one country? It's a national security issue, surely? How could anyone doing contingency planning for the German government fail to consider the case that Russia becomes unstable? Or, is in open conflict with the EU.

Whatever the previous US president said about NATO is nothing compared to what Putin says. If a US president changed the constitution to be effectively president for life and started assassinating his political opponents, then you could compare the US with Russia. But, until then, there is no comparison.
 
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  • #1,737
fresh_42 said:
And in this respect, Russia would still be the choice number one. To change this is an economically bad decision that has its price. A price we weren't willing to pay until this year.
Off topic, but how much less nat gas from Russia or anywhere else, if the operating nuclear units had been retained? That seems like it would have been the "economical" choice number one.
 
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  • #1,738
PeroK said:
The question is why get 55% of your gas from one country?
Because of a kind of optimism. Never change a winning team. And a former chancellor is on the Gazprom board ...

It was a bad decision, but an explainable one.

PeroK said:
It's a national security issue, surely? How could anyone doing contingency planning for the German government fail to consider the case that Russia becomes unstable? Or, is in open conflict with the EU.

Whatever the previous US president said about NATO is nothing compared to what Putin says.
That's not the point. It is a matter of fact that any American president can obviously determine whom to sell something or not. Ask the Cubans. It is also a matter of fact that Trump threatened to invoke customs on German cars. Funnily, even on those that were built in the US (BMW). This has nothing to do with NATO, only with good merchants. Putin has proven to be one, the others have proven to be none.

PeroK said:
If a US president changed the constitution to be effectively president for life and started assassinating his political opponents, then you could compare the US with Russia. But, until then, there is no comparison.
I compare providers.
 
  • #1,739
fresh_42 said:
C'mon. Do you really want to follow this stupid path?
You are right. My apologies, but I find your unwillingness to acknowledge any mistakes on Germany’s part troubling.
 
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  • #1,740
caz said:
You are right. My apologies, but I find your unwillingness to acknowledge any mistakes on Germany’s part troubling.
The mistake was the lack of diversification, or the wish to see its necessity. And this necessity changed dramatically in February, not earlier.
 
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  • #1,741
fresh_42 said:
Putin was definitely more popular here than Trump has been on every single level, but especially trust. Whom would you buy from in such a case?

fresh_42 said:
Politics has normally not much to say when it comes to economic decisions, and any interferences are not really appreciated.
Those two statements are contradictory.
 
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  • #1,742
fresh_42 said:
The mistake was the lack of diversification, or the wish to see its necessity. And this necessity changed dramatically in February, not earlier.
How does the Russian invasion of Ukraine adversely impact Germany?
 
  • #1,743
caz said:
How does the Russian invasion of Ukraine adversely impact Germany?
Besides the shift in our energy supply, i.e. that we have to build an LNG terminal? Mainly that we have 25,000 new children in school.
 
  • #1,744
anorlunda said:
Those two statements are contradictory.
No, they are not! Private businessmen buy whom they can trust. You can trust Russia in economical terms, whether you like that fact or not. But you can never know when an American president decides to impact free trade.
 
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  • #1,745
fresh_42 said:
Besides the shift in our energy supply, i.e. that we have to build an LNG terminal? Mainly that we have 25,000 new children in school.
Those sound like economic impacts. Given that Russian gas is now discounted, isn’t it in Germany’s economic interests to start Nord Stream 2 to give it monopsonistic power over Russia.
 
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  • #1,746
caz said:
Those sound like economic reasons. Given that Russian gas is now discounted, isn’t it in Germany’s economic interests to start Nord Stream 2 to give it monopsonistic power over Russia.
Sure, but at the moment this would not be politically realizable. We joined the international sanctions, so usual business has no choice.
 
  • #1,747
fresh_42 said:
Sure, but at the moment this would not be politically realizable. We joined the international sanctions, so usual business has no choice.
But why has Germany joined international sanctions? It negatively impacts Germany’s economy?
 
  • #1,748
caz said:
But why has Germany joined international sanctions? It negatively impacts Germany’s economy?
Good question. I guess the alternative would have been even more damaging.
 
  • #1,749
fresh_42 said:
Good question. I guess the alternative would have been even more damaging.
If Russian had been as successful with this operation as it was in 2014, do you believe that it should be business as usual between Russia and Germany?
 
  • #1,750
caz said:
If Russian had been as successful with this operation as it was in 2014, do you believe that it should be business as usual between Russia and Germany?
No, of course not. I firmly believe that even the annexation of Crimea could and should have been solved with a simple contract for the Russian marine base. I mean, the UK kept HK for nearly a hundred years or so by legal means. I even think, that Ukrainian membership in NATO wouldn't have been any threat to Russia, although this may be borderline.

However, this war cannot be justified by any arguments. It is yesterday's thinking and completely unnecessary and even more, tragic! Russia should get grown up. But that is apparently harder than thought after centuries of oppression, be it zsaristic or stalinistic.
 
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