Normal modes of a rectangular elastic membrane

In summary: I'm not sure how to proceed from here.Use the trig identity ##\cos(\alpha + \beta) = \cos(\alpha)\cos(\beta)-\sin (\alpha) \sin(\beta)## to help you write ##G\cos(\omega t) + H\sin(\omega t)## in the form ##A\cos(\omega t + \phi)##.Use the trig identity ##\cos(\alpha + \beta) = \cos(\alpha)\cos(\beta)-\sin (\alpha) \sin(\beta)## to help you write ##G\cos(\omega t) + H\sin(\omega t)## in the form
  • #1
ContagiousKnowledge
17
2
Homework Statement
Consider a thin elastic sheet that spreads from x = 0 to x = x' and y = 0 to y = y' where the sheet's transverse displacement ψ is 0 x=0, y=0, x=x', and y=y'. at Demonstrate that the amplitudes and phase angles in the normal mode expansion are given by $$ A_{i,j} = \sqrt {G^{2}{}_{i,j} + H^{2}{}_{i,j}} $$
and
$$ tan^{-1}(\frac {H_{i,j}} {G_{i,j}}) $$
Confirm that
$$ G_{i,j} = \frac {4} {x'y'} \int_{0}^{y'} \int_{0}^{x'} \psi(x, y, 0) sin(\frac {\pi i} {x'}x)sin(\frac {\pi j} {y'}y) dx dy $$
$$ H_{i,j} = \frac {4} {x'y' \omega_{i,j}} \int_{0}^{y'} \int_{0}^{x'} \frac {\partial \psi(x, y, 0)} {\partial t} sin(\frac {\pi i} {x'}x)sin(\frac {\pi j} {y'}y) dx dy $$
Relevant Equations
$$ \frac {\partial^2 \psi} {\partial t^2} = v^2( \frac {\partial^2 \psi} {\partial x^2} + \frac {\partial^2 \psi} {\partial y^2} ) $$
Let's try inputting a solution of the following form into the two-dimensional wave equation: $$ \psi(x, y, t) = X(x)Y(y)T(t) $$
Solving using the method of separation of variables yields
$$ \frac {v^2} {X(x)} \frac {\partial^2 X(x)} {\partial x^2} + \frac {v^2} {Y(y)} \frac {\partial^2 Y(y)} {\partial y^2} =\frac {1} {T(t)} \frac {\partial^2 T(t)} {\partial t^2} =-\omega^2$$

$$ T(t) = A_{i,j}cos(\omega_{i,j} t) + B_{i,j}sin(\omega_{i,j} t)$$
$$ X(x) =Ccos(k_{x} t) + D_{i,j}sin(k_{x} t) $$
$$ Y(y) =Ecos(k_{y} t) + Fsin(k_{y} t) $$
where
$$ \frac {1} {X(x)} \frac {\partial^2 X(x)} {\partial x^2} = -k_{x}^2 $$
$$ \frac {1} {Y(y)} \frac {\partial^2 Y(y)} {\partial y^2} = -k_{y}^2 $$
The boundary conditions ψ(0, y, t) = ψ(x, 0, t) = 0 tells us that C=E=0.
the conditions ψ(x', y, t) = ψ(x, y', t) = 0 tell us that
$$ k_{x} = \frac {\pi i} {x'}, $$
$$ k_{y} = \frac {\pi j} {y'} $$
$$ \omega = \pi v \sqrt {\frac{i^{2}}{x'^{2}}+\frac{j^{2}}{y'^{2}}} $$
From this, we can ascertain the particular solution for given i and j
$$ \psi(x, y, t) = [G_{i,j}cos(\omega_{i,j} t) + H_{i,j}sin(\omega_{i,j} t)]sin(\frac {\pi i} {x'}x)sin(\frac {\pi j} {y'}y)$$
$$ G_{i,j}=A_{i,j}D_{i}F_{j}, H_{i,j}=B_{i,j}D_{i}F_{j} $$
Since the wave equation is linear, the general solution is a superposition of all normal modes.
$$ \psi(x, y, t) = \Sigma_{i=0,\infty} \Sigma_{j=0,\infty}[G_{i,j}cos(\omega_{i,j} t) + H_{i,j}sin(\omega_{i,j} t)]sin(\frac {\pi i} {x'}x)sin(\frac {\pi j} {y'}y) $$

$$ \psi(x, y, 0) = \Sigma_{i=0,\infty} \Sigma_{j=0,\infty}G_{i,j}sin(\frac {\pi i} {x'}x)sin(\frac {\pi j} {y'}y) $$
$$ G_{i,j} = \frac {4} {x'y'} \int_{0}^{y'} \int_{0}^{x'} \psi(x, y, 0) sin(\frac {\pi i} {x'}x)sin(\frac {\pi j} {y'}y) dx dy $$

$$ \frac {\partial \psi(x, y, 0)} {\partial t} = \Sigma_{i=0,\infty} \Sigma_{j=0,\infty} \omega_{i,j} H_{i,j}sin(\frac {\pi i} {x'}x)sin(\frac {\pi j} {y'}y) $$
$$ H_{i,j} = \frac {4} {x'y' \omega_{i,j}} \int_{0}^{y'} \int_{0}^{x'} \frac {\partial \psi(x, y, 0)} {\partial t} sin(\frac {\pi i} {x'}x)sin(\frac {\pi j} {y'}y) dx dy $$
I've omitted some math because entering it with latex was taking a long time, but I have arrived at the correct expressions for G and H. I don't know how to proceed from here.
 
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  • #2
ContagiousKnowledge said:
$$ T(t) = A_{i,j}cos(\omega_{i,j} t) + B_{i,j}cos(\omega_{i,j} t)$$
Did you mean to use a cosine function in both terms?

I have arrived at the correct expressions for G and H. I don't know how to proceed from here.
An expression of the form ##G\cos \omega t + H\sin \omega t## may be expressed in terms of an amplitude ##A## and a phase angle ##\phi## as ##A \cos (\omega t + \phi)## or ##A \cos (\omega t - \phi)##. The choice of + or - in front of ##\phi## is a matter of convention. ( I don't know which convention you use in your course.) Can you derive expressions for ##A## and ##\phi## in terms of ##G## and ##H##?
 
  • #3
No, I did not intend to use cosine for both terms.

I am accustomed to using -ϕ to indicate a wave moving in the positive direction and +ϕ for a wave moving in the negative direction.

As for deriving expressions for the amplitude and phase angle for the normal modes in terms of G and H, could you elaborate a little more on what you are asking of me? I know that it is possible to derive such expressions because it is stated in the problem; I assume your question was rhetorical. My ultimate goal is to figure out how one would derive these expressions.
 
  • #4
ContagiousKnowledge said:
No, I did not intend to use cosine for both terms.
OK

As for deriving expressions for the amplitude and phase angle for the normal modes in terms of G and H, could you elaborate a little more on what you are asking of me? I know that it is possible to derive such expressions because it is stated in the problem; I assume your question was rhetorical. My ultimate goal is to figure out how one would derive these expressions.
Use the trig identity ##\cos(\alpha + \beta) = \cos(\alpha)\cos(\beta)-\sin (\alpha) \sin(\beta)## to help you write ##G\cos(\omega t) + H\sin(\omega t)## in the form ##A\cos(\omega t + \phi)##.
 
  • #5
I've been playing with this algebra for a while and I'm afraid I don't see how to rewrite the expression in that form.
$$ Gcos( \omega t - \phi) + Hsin( \omega t - \phi) = G[cos( \omega t)cos( \phi ) + sin( \omega t)sin( \phi )] + H[sin( \omega t)cos( \phi ) - cos( \omega t )sin( \phi )] $$
Which can be rewritten as
$$ [Gcos( \phi ) - Hsin( \phi )]cos( \omega t) + [Gsin( \phi ) + Hcos( \phi)]sin( \omega t) $$
although this doesn't seem particularly useful. I have tried rearranging the expression in numerous ways. Presumably, we will have to square both sides of the equation eventually since H and G are both squared in the given expression for amplitude. I tried squaring the expression in its current form, but the result is fairly convoluted and doesn't appear to simplify to anything useful.
I apologize if I'm missing something simple.
 
  • #6
Apply the trig identity to ##A\cos(\omega t + \phi)## and compare with ##G\cos \omega t + H\sin \omega t##.
 
  • #7
@TSny Again, I've been rearranging trig functions for a long time, but it hasn't been very productive.
$$ Acos(\omega t + \phi) = A[cos(\omega t)cos(\phi) - sin(\omega t)sin(\phi)] = Gcos(\omega t) + Hsin(\omega t) $$
$$ A = \frac{Gcos(\omega t) + Hsin(\omega t)}{cos(\omega t)cos(\phi) - sin(\omega t)sin(\phi)} $$
We could try setting ϕ to different values to generate more expressions
$$ \phi = 0 $$ $$ A = G + Htan(\omega t) $$
$$ \phi = \frac{\pi}{2} $$ $$ -A = Gtan(\omega t) + H $$
Although, we could have derived this without using the cos(a + b) identity, and this doesn't seem to bring me closer to the answer regardless.
Among other attempts, I've also tried substituting the given expression for A directly hoping to find something that clearly resembles Gcos(ωt)+Hsin(ωt), but to no avail.
$$ Acos(\omega t + \phi) = \sqrt{G^{2} + H^{2}}[cos(\omega t)cos(\phi) - sin(\omega t)sin(\phi)] = \sqrt{(G^{2} + H^{2})(cos^{2}(\omega t)cos^{2}(\phi) - 2cos(\omega t)cos(\phi)sin(\omega t)sin(\phi) + sin^{2}(\omega t)sin^{2}(\phi))}$$
 
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  • #8
ContagiousKnowledge said:
@TSny Again, I've been rearranging trig functions for a long time, but it hasn't been very productive.
$$ Acos(\omega t + \phi) = A[cos(\omega t)cos(\phi) - sin(\omega t)sin(\phi)] = Gcos(\omega t) + Hsin(\omega t) $$
Look at the second equality. What is the coefficient of ##\cos \omega t## on each side of this equality? What is the coefficient of ##\sin \omega t## on each side of this equality?
 
  • #9
@TSny
$$ Acos(\phi)cos(\omega t) = Gcos(\omega t) $$ $$ G = Acos(\phi) $$
$$ -Asin(\omega t)sin(\phi) = H sin(\omega t) $$ $$ H = -Asin(\phi) $$
$$ \sqrt{G^{2} + H^{2}} = \sqrt{A^{2}cos^{2}(\phi) + A^{2}sin^{2}(\phi)} = A $$
Okay, I should have seen that; thank you for your help. Now, as for ϕ
$$ \frac{H}{G} = \frac{-sin(\phi)}{cos(\phi)}$$
I think ϕ should have been negative, which is the default since a negative ϕ conventionally indicates a wave moving in the positive direction. This would get red of the negative sign in the final expression, and the resultant expression would prove that
$$ arctan(\frac{H}{G}) = \phi $$
This question was much simpler than I thought. Thank you for your help.
 
  • #10
OK. Good.

I've never heard of choosing the sign of ##\phi## based on the direction of travel of a wave. But, go with the convention for your course. In this problem, you are dealing with standing waves (normal modes) rather than traveling waves. ##\phi## is just a phase angle associated with the time dependence of the standing wave.
 
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