Optimizing Data Sampling for Probabilities

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Loren Booda
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Is there a mathematical method to determine the optimum sampling of data for probabilities?

Flip a coin. Simplistically speaking from experience, it has a 1/2 chance of landing on either side. But what if it can land on its edge? What if it can fall through a crack? What if lava from a fissure invading the room can envelop and melt the coin? What if it can quantum mechanically flip itself after landing? Other examples of probability, like the nonlinear trajectory of a particle, have determinism not immediately apparent.

Even an electronic random number generator run by a quantum computer is susceptable to decoherence between the device and the observer. It seems that we must have extensive practical knowledge about the system under observation, then apply Occam's razor, if we are to determine the set of data required. But how may this be done systematically?
 
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Loren Booda said:
Flip a coin. Simplistically speaking from experience, it has a 1/2 chance of landing on either side. But what if it can land on its edge? What if it can fall through a crack? What if lava from a fissure invading the room can envelop and melt the coin? What if it can quantum mechanically flip itself after landing? Other examples of probability, like the nonlinear trajectory of a particle, have determinism not immediately apparent.
You could flip it until it behaves normally. :-p

In fact, that's a common practical solution in the gaming world -- one keeps rerolling a die until it doesn't fall off the table or lean against something or whatever.
 
By "normal" one might mean "average." How does one determine mathematically how many tries one needs to achieve average? Don't methods like standard deviation incorporate their own error, ad infinitum?

Overall, how and when can we be assured of precision's reproducibility?
 
Duly noted.

Please allow me to repeat [with editing]:
How does one determine mathematically [with a huge number of interacting physical variables] how many tries one needs to achieve [a significant] average?

Don't [results] like standard deviation incorporate [errors of their own, each with their own statistical deviations] ad infinitum?

Overall, how and when can we be assured of precision's reproducibility?
 
You decide before hand what consitutes the sample space - either heads or tails. Any other outcome is deemed inadmissable. Why? Because that is what we want, and has nothing to do with mathematics. Mathematics is merely a tool for modelling, in this instance. Whether real life behaves sufficiently close to the model for the model to be valid is a different matter. There are plenty of tests to work out whether sample data is likely to have come from a population with assumed properties; they are taught to high school students such as confidence intervals; I'm surprised you've not met them. Then there is the strong law of large numbers, chi squared tests, t tests, ANOVA, et c.
 
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Your examples are worthwhile studying. Do you know of an online tutorial that compares most of them?