in Question 14...2nd picture...as the tension in the string is equal to the weight...so if we consider every case seprately..each mass causes 'mg' tension in string..so will n no. of masses 'm' cause 'nmg' tension??..
For the second diagram with the L shaped member with 10 and Mc on it ... in all fairness, there is a trick to this which involves adding a force at A and then taking it away at the same time, so that the result is unchanged. then you look at the enhanced diagram in a new way.