Problem in understanding instantaneous velocity

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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on the concept of instantaneous velocity and its relationship to average velocity, particularly as the time interval approaches zero. Participants clarify that instantaneous velocity is defined mathematically as the limit of average velocity over an infinitesimally small time interval. They emphasize that while average velocity can be calculated using secants, instantaneous velocity is represented by the slope of the tangent line at a specific point on a velocity curve. The conversation also touches on the philosophical implications of measuring instantaneous speed, particularly in relation to physical reality and mathematical models.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of calculus, specifically limits and derivatives.
  • Familiarity with the concept of differentiability in mathematical functions.
  • Basic knowledge of velocity as a rate of change of position.
  • Awareness of the relationship between secant and tangent lines in geometry.
NEXT STEPS
  • Study the concept of limits in calculus to grasp how they apply to instantaneous velocity.
  • Learn about derivatives and their role in determining instantaneous rates of change.
  • Explore the mathematical definition of differentiability and its implications for velocity curves.
  • Investigate the philosophical aspects of instantaneous measurements in physics and their mathematical representations.
USEFUL FOR

Students of calculus, physics enthusiasts, and anyone seeking to understand the mathematical foundations of motion and velocity concepts.

  • #31
Mark44 said:
Sure you can, and speedometers do exactly this. One kind of speedometer on a motorcycle I own has a gear driven sensor on the front wheel. The sensor has a worm gear that turns when the wheel turns. The worm gear drives a cable, the other end of which causes a magnet to rotate that in turn causes a needle to sweep to a certain position that corresponds to the speed of the motorcycle (speed = magnitude of velocity). Another motorcycle I have has a cable that comes from the transmission that drives the speedometer in a similar way. These measured values are the instantaneous speeds.
The needle has mass and is damped. Undamped needles bounce. A torque that acts on such a needle will not result in an instantaneous change in the needle's position. What the speedometer shows is some sort of approximate weighted average of past velocities.
 
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  • #32
jbriggs444 said:
The needle has mass and is damped. Undamped needles bounce. A torque that acts on such a needle will not result in an instantaneous change in the needle's position. What the speedometer shows is some sort of approximate weighted average of past velocities.
I read more about speedometers and I agree with you. Only analogue speedometer with the arrow can show exact value of instantaneous speed because such speedometer is based on induction principle.
 
  • #33
jbriggs444 said:
The needle has mass and is damped.

Mike_bb said:
Only analogue speedometer with the arrow can show exact value of instantaneous speed because such speedometer is based on induction principle.
The speedometers on my old bikes are strictly analogue, and as far as I know, aren't damped.
 
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  • #34
Here's how I visually motivate the interpretation of the velocity (as the slope of the tangent line) to my students.
Assuming a nice x-vs-t graph,
at the instant T of interest, centered at (T,x(T)),
I zoom in enough so that "my graph looks like a straight-line" in the viewport.
Since the motion is practically a steady-velocity motion for a sufficiently-short time-interval,
the [instantaneous] velocity is practically equal to the slope of that [approximate] straight-line in the viewport.

In the Desmos visualization below,
I have already activated the tangent-line (which you can disable by clicking on the filled circle for its folder).
To animate the zoom, click on the play-button ⏵ of the z-slider. (You can drag the z-slider to manual control the zoom.)

www.desmos.com/calculator/ghfds0lbht
 

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