The discussion centers on how Newton derived the inverse square law of gravitation from Kepler's third law. Participants explain that by equating gravitational force with centripetal force in circular orbits, one can demonstrate that the force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. They clarify that Kepler's law indicates a relationship between the square of the orbital period and the cube of the semi-major axis, leading to the conclusion of an inverse square law for gravitational force. The conversation also touches on the historical context, noting that while Newton formulated his law, the constant of proportionality (GM) was later determined by Cavendish. Overall, the thread highlights the foundational connections between Kepler's observations and Newton's gravitational theory.