# Prove quadratic convergence and limit

1. May 19, 2008

Hello,

I have this problem that I simply cannot nail down. Please help.
xi - fixed point of g, g is twice continuously differentiable in a vecinity of xi.

z(n+1) = g(g(z(n))) - [g(g(z(n))) - g(z(n))]^2 / [g(g(z(n))) - 2*g(z(n)) + z(n)]

Using taylor series expansion of g(z(n)) and g(g(z(n))) in a vecinity of xi I have to prove that xi is z's limit and that the convergence is quadratic.

Thank you for your help!

2. May 20, 2008

### Crosson

Interesting problem. I don't know a smart way to do it, so I just dive right in and calculate the series up to two terms around x_i (I won't bother to indicate the higher order terms):

$$g(z) = \frac{1}{2} g''\left(x_i\right) \left(z-x_i\right){}^2+g'\left(x_i\right) \left(z-x_i\right)+g\left(x_i\right)$$

$$g(g(z)) = \frac{1}{2} \left(g''\left(g\left(x_i\right)\right) g'\left(x_i\right){}^2+g'\left(g\left(x_i\right)\right) g''\left(x_i\right)\right) \left(z-x_i\right){}^2+g'\left(g\left(x_i\right)\right) g'\left(x_i\right) \left(z-x_i\right)+g\left(g\left(x_i\right)\right)$$

Now if we go ahead and replace these into your expression and use the fact that g(g(x_i) = g(x_i) = x_i we get the following for z_{n + 1}:

$$\frac{g''\left(x_i\right){}^2 \left(x_i-z\right){}^3+4 x_i \left(g'\left(x_i\right)-1\right){}^2+2 \left(z-x_i\right) \left(g'\left(x_i\right)-1\right) \left(2 x_i+z g'\left(x_i\right)\right) g''\left(x_i\right)}{4 \left(g'\left(x_i\right)-1\right){}^2+2 \left(z-x_i\right) \left(g'\left(x_i\right){}^2+g'\left(x_i\right)-2\right) g''\left(x_i\right)}$$

Note: I dropped the subscript z_n because of formatting problems with LaTeX in these forums.

I do not know how to simplify the expressions involving the derivatives, but maybe this is already to the point where simplifying into a particular form might make it easy to see the convergence.

Last edited: May 20, 2008