Prove that the list (x^3, sin(x), cos(x)) is linearly independent in V

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around proving the linear independence of the list of functions (x^3, sin(x), cos(x)) within the vector space of real-valued functions. Participants are exploring rigorous methods to establish this independence, particularly in the context of exam preparation.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Mathematical reasoning
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant suggests starting with the linear combination c1*x^3 + c2*sin(x) + c3*cos(x) = 0 and aims to show that all coefficients must be zero.
  • Another participant proposes testing specific values of x to simplify the proof, indicating that this could lead to determining that c3 is zero, which would then help find c1 and c2.
  • A third participant agrees with using x=0 to derive equations, mentioning that differentiating the equation could yield additional useful equations at x=0.
  • One participant raises a question about the domain of the functions, suggesting that if the functions are only evaluated at a single point, they may not be independent.
  • This participant also notes that examining the zeros of sin(x) and cos(x) can provide insights into their independence, and mentions that dependencies in derivatives could lead to contradictions.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing approaches to proving linear independence, with some favoring specific value substitutions while others emphasize the importance of the functions' domains and their behavior over the entire real line. The discussion remains unresolved regarding the most rigorous method to prove independence.

Contextual Notes

There are limitations regarding the assumptions about the domain of the functions and the implications of evaluating them at specific points. The discussion does not resolve these issues, leaving open questions about the conditions under which the functions are considered independent.

GluonZ
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Question: Prove that the list (x^3, sin(x), cos(x)) is linearly independent in V (V being the vector space of real-valued functions. In other words... common everyday math)

They're linearly independent, its pretty obvious. The issue is -- proving rigorously. This is not for an assignment, its for exam prep. (Friday)

Started by setting them as a linear combination:

c1*x^3 + c2*sin(x) + c3*cos(x) = 0 and trying to prove that ALL the coefficients need to be zero. But, nothing's rigorous enough.

Any ideas?
 
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If that is the zero function, then for all x, the LHS is zero. Why don'y you try putting some values for x in? The most obvious choice shows that c_3 is zero, thence it is trivial to find a value of x impliying that c_1 is zero, and then c_2 has to be zero as well.
 
Exactly. Although, instead of trying different values of x, I like staying with the easy x= 0:
Since these are functions
c1 x3+ c2 sin(x)+ c3 cos(x)= 0 means that it is 0 for all x.
Take x= 0 to get an easy equation. Of course it also follows that the derivative is 0 for all x. Differentiate and put x= 0 to get another easy equation. Differentiate a second time and set x= 0 to get a third easy equation.
 
what is the domain of your functions? if only one point, then they are not independent.

on the whole real line, just look at their zeroes to see sin and cos are independent. also if f depends on sin and cos, then its derivatives depend on their derivatives. this gives a contradiction eventually.
 

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