A Relativistically invariant 2-body phase space integral

George Wu
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I encounter a function that I don‘t know in the calculation of Relativistically invariant 2-body phase space integral
I encounter a function that I don‘t know in the calculation of Relativistically invariant 2-body phase space integral:
1684333571500.png

in this equation, ##s##is the square of total energy of the system in the center-of-mass frame(I think)
I don't know what the function ##\lambda^{\frac{1}{2}}## is.
There are more equations involving this function:
P$3{FTJ%2Z0E4A%)9[BD%[C.png

I just want to know if anyone knows which textbook these equations come from, or what the function ##\lambda^{\frac{1}{2}}## is.
 
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Do you have any reference for those 2 screenshots? A book, some lecture notes we could have access to. Otherwise, I can't recall any special function in mathematics with that notation.
 
If we release an electron around a positively charged sphere, the initial state of electron is a linear combination of Hydrogen-like states. According to quantum mechanics, evolution of time would not change this initial state because the potential is time independent. However, classically we expect the electron to collide with the sphere. So, it seems that the quantum and classics predict different behaviours!
Insights auto threads is broken atm, so I'm manually creating these for new Insight articles. Towards the end of the first lecture for the Qiskit Global Summer School 2025, Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Olivia Lanes (Global Lead, Content and Education IBM) stated... Source: https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/quantum-entanglement-is-a-kinematic-fact-not-a-dynamical-effect/ by @RUTA

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