Yes, you will get the Schwarzschild radius if you start with the classical formula for escape velocity as a function of mass and radius, set the escape velocity to ##c##, and solve for ##r##. However, a black hole is nothing like a classical body whose escape velocity is ##c##, so it is not clear that this result is telling us anything important.
To properly understand black holes and why the Schwarzschild radius is what is, you have to start with the Schwarzschild solution to the Einstein field equations. You'll find many threads here if you search for "black hole escape velocity".