gentzen said:
On rereading this, I see again why I didn't know how to respond. One thing I could do is to explain the concrete example I had in mind:
When you describe a Stern-Gerlach experiment, your magnet may be described as fixed such that the magnetic field (except for its inhomogenity) points in z-direction, or you may describe it such that the magnet can be rotated around the particle beam. In the second case, you probably need to allow density matrices to describe the actual state of the incoming particles. But most introductory QM textbooks have not yet introduced density matrices at the point where they describe and analyse SG, so they typically go with the description using a fixed magnet. Independent of this, the silver atoms have more degrees of freedom in their quantum state than just the spin of the unpaired electron in the outer shell. But we won't describe those in our Hilbert-space for analyzing SG, because we don't intent to measure anything for which they would be relevant.
Once more, this is a misconception of the quantum state. The quantum state of the system you want to observe has nothing to do with the measurement device but with the preparation of this system. E.g., in the original Stern-Gerlach experiment the Ag atoms were prepared by letting Ag vapor stream out of a small hole in an oven. Indeed, this preparation procedure is described by a corresponding mixed state of Ag atoms.
You can direct your magnet independent of how you prepare the Ag atoms and thus you can measure its spin component in any direction given by the magnetic field you like. The state in this specific experiment indeed has to be described by a Ag-atom beam, prepared in a mixed state, no matter whether you fix the field in one direction or another.
gentzen said:
Another thing I could do is to explain why I participated in this unhappy discussion at all:
Morbert tried to explain some distinctions, and because we both have some "background" in the consistent histories interpretation, I thought I could help. Or at least, I didn't want to distance myself (more than I already did
here and
here) from that interpretation by staying silent.
I don't know enough about the consistent-history interpretation to comment on this. I've once read about it and didn't find it in any way convincing compared to the minimal statistical interpretation, which reflects how QT is used in the physics community when discussing real-world experiments and not some philsophical isms...
gentzen said:
This was the actual reason why I still wanted to respond, because here you highlight a specific misconception of Heisenberg from his paper "Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik". I noticed that I never asked you whether you have any concrete papers (like the one above or his Solvay paper with Born) or books (like "Physics and Philosophy" or "Physics and Beyond") in mind when you say that Heisenberg is responsible for much of the confusion about QM. Here is a summary of some of his works, maybe it simplifies your "selection process":
https://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/heisenberg/
For me Heisenberg and Bohr wrote the most incomprehensible papers compared to the other "founding fathers" of QT. Particularly matrix mechanics has been worked out by Born and Jordan in crystal-clear mathematical form, quickly followed by Pauli's derivation of the hydrogen spectrum using matrix mechanics. These authors are a much better read than Heisenberg and Bohr if you like to investigate the early development of this branch of the first discovery of modern quantum theory. This also includes the famous 2nd part, the "Dreimännerarbeit", written together by Born, Jordan, and Heisenberg. Heisenberg had ingenious ideas but always needed translators to clarify his insights for the normal physicist. This usually were Born and Jordan but also very much Pauli.
The most underrated of all these was Born, who was really the one recognizing the mathematics behind Heisenberg's weird Helgoland paper, which reflects the discovery process of the Göttingen group pretty nicely. Also see
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.00842
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/s13129-023-00056-1
gentzen said:
My own interpretation what you dislike about Heisenberg was his focus on the role of the observer (to which I can agree to the extent that it neglects the role of preparation and control), and also quite general his passion for philosophy.
What I dislike is his nebulous writing and overemphasizing philosophy over physics. He also had many misconceptions, which for some reason unfortunately still stuck in modern textbooks (although they don't play much of a role anymore in contemporary research), e.g., his first paper about the meaning of the uncertainty relation, which he first published claiming it were about the disturbance of the system by interaction with the measurement device, which leads to the misconception discussed in the first part of this posting. This was corrected immediately thereafter by Bohr, who was even more nebulous in his writing but often had the better physical instinct.
The disturbance of the system by measurement is of course also an important point following from the atomistic structure of matter. E.g., you cannot have an arbitrary small "test charge" to measure an electromagnetic field. You need at least one particle with 1e charge to probe the field, which inevitably disturbs it on these "microscopic scales". To describe this is much more complicated an after all can only be done for specific experimental setups analyzing the dynamics of the measurement process under investigation.