Strain Energy Functions and Springs

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Trying2Learn
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TL;DR
Strain energy and elastic constants: why is the strain energy formed this way
(If this is in the wrong forum, please move it)

Here is the potential energy of a spring

Equation V = (1/2) k x^2, a quadratic spring potential energy expression with V on the left and one-half k times x squared on the right.

Here is the strain energy function in elasticity
Equation W = (1/2) C_ijkl e_ij e_kl, where W is strain energy density, C_ijkl are elastic stiffness constants and e_ij, e_kl are strain components.


The look alike -- I like that.

If we want the force in the spring, we take the derivative of V with respect to the displacement and make the result NEGATIVE
Equation F = -(d/dx)V, the force equals the negative derivative of the potential V with respect to x.

However, we note the following property of the strain energy function (from Fung's Solid Mechancis, page 128)

Equation: partial derivative of W with respect to e_ij equals sigma_ij, where W is the strain energy function and e_ij the strain components.


So, real stupid question: what happened to the negative?

I mean, I am trying to work my way through how elasticity, strain energy, etc. lead to the number of constants relating stress and strain. I will work this through on my own. I am trying to put all of this in some sort of contextual balance.

I can intuit the need for a strain energy function without the negative. But part of me wants to see the negative to make it harmonious with a spring.

Can someone get me out of this?
 
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Try replacing the spring with a 1d bar. Upon extension, the bar experiences a tensile stress which produces a negative force on a point mass at the end of the bar/string.

The first equation looks at the force on a point mass. The force required to stretch the spring the relevant distance is the negative of this force.
 
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