Temperature dependence on intrinsic carrier concentration

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers on calculating the intrinsic carrier concentration (Ni) for silicon as a function of temperature, particularly focusing on the energy band gap (Eg) and its temperature dependence. Participants explore theoretical and empirical approaches to determine Eg and its impact on Ni.

Discussion Character

  • Technical explanation
  • Exploratory
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant mentions the equation ni^2 = Nc*Nv exp(-Eg/kT) for calculating Ni but notes the need for an equation to determine Eg.
  • Another participant states that Eg for silicon is experimentally determined to be about 1.1-1.2 eV, with a weak temperature dependence, citing values from literature.
  • A participant questions the existence of a precise equation for calculating Eg, expressing interest in how temperature changes affect the band gap, particularly with increasing temperature.
  • One participant asserts that band gaps are intrinsic properties of materials related to their structure.
  • Another participant provides an empirical model for Eg as a function of temperature, referencing constants specific to silicon, but advises verification before use.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the calculation of Eg and its temperature dependence. While some agree on the empirical relationship provided, others question the precision and applicability of existing models, indicating that the discussion remains unresolved.

Contextual Notes

There are limitations regarding the assumptions made about the temperature dependence of Eg and the specific constants used in empirical models. The discussion also reflects uncertainty about the applicability of different methods for determining Eg.

elimenohpee
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How does one calculate the intrinsic carrier concentration Ni for silicon as a function of temperature? I know the equation ni^2 = Nc*Nv exp(-Eg/kT) can be used, but then another equation is needed to find the energy band gap Eg. The effective density of states values Nc and Nv are well defined, but I can't seem to find out how to calculate Eg.
 
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The band (or energy) gap, Eg, for silicon is taken from experiment and is about 1.1-1.2 eV and is known to within 5%. It only has a relatively weak dependence upon temperature.

According to Aschrcoft and Mermin (Solid State Physics, Saunders Coolege Publishing, ):
Eg (0K) = 1.17 eV, Eg(300K) = 1.12 eV.

The band gap can be measured in several ways, eg by its optical properties. When the frequency of an incident photon becomes large enough to excite electrons across the energy gap there is an abrupt increase in the absorption coefficient of the incident radiation.
 
So basically there is no real "equation" that can be used to specifically calculate bandgap energy? It looks as if Ni isn't susceptible to much change when temperature drops, but I was more interested when temperature increases, which theoretically should shrink the gap. I just need a precise way to calculate by how much.
 
The band gaps are properties of the material and ultimately relatedto its structure.
 
According to Pierret ("Advanced Semiconductor Fundamentals", Prentice Hall 2003, see pp 82-83) the manner that the band gap for a large number of semiconductors varies with T can be modeled by the empirical relationship
Eg(T) = Eg(0) - alpha*T^2/(T + beta)
where alpha and beta are constants chosen to obtain the best fit to the experimental data. For silicon Pierret gives
Eg(300 K) = 1.125 eV, Eg(0) = 1.170 eV, alpha = 4.730X10^(-4) eV/K, beta = 636 K.
(Please check before using.)
 

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