Why would Michelangelo portray archers as though they were arrows? To answer this question, Panofsky draws upon a subject that is at the heart of his method: philosophy. He points out that Michelangelo was a literary man as well as an artist, that Michelangelo’s “worship and scholarly knowledge of Dante was a byword”, that Michelangelo’s own writings “fairly bristle with reminiscences of Petrarch.”6 During Michelangelo’s time, an important school of philosophy was the Neoplatonic school, and this school left a deep impression on Michelangelo; “Michelangelo’s poetry is full of ‘Platonic’ conceptions.”7
The leaders of the Neoplatonic school in Italy were Marsilio Ficino and Pico della Mirandola. Panofsky describes this school as “a philosophical system which must be reckoned among the boldest intellectual structures ever erected by the human mind. This system had its origin in the ‘Platonic Academy’ of Florence, a select group of men held together by mutual friendship, a common taste for conviviality and human culture, [and] an almost religious worship of Plato.”8 The Academy always came together on November 7, to celebrate the day of Plato’s birth and death. Panofsky says that the Academy had three main goals:
To translate Platonic works into Latin, and write commentaries on them. These works included not only Plato’s own writings, but also the writings of Plotinus, Proclus, and others, including the famous alchemist known as “Hermes Trismegistos”. (If we divide philosophy into spiritualism and materialism, the Platonic Academy is certainly on the side of spiritualism, as were the New England Transcendentalists of a later age.)
To organize these Platonic texts into a philosophical system, a system “capable of instilling a new meaning into the entire cultural heritage of the period, into Virgil and Cicero, as well as into St. Augustine and Dante, into classical mythology as well as into physics, astrology and medicine.”9
To bring this philosophical system into harmony with Christianity. Here’s an example of the Christian-izing of Plato: Ficino says that Plato’s theory of reincarnation is an anticipation of the Christian idea of resurrection — not a different theory, but rather the same theory in a different guise.10